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ID	source URL	title	year	paragraph	annotator ID	classified as	comment	annotator ID	classified as	comment	annotator ID	classified as	comment	final classification
380	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4557/pg4557.txt	The Idea Of Progress	1920	1	1	x		7	x		4	x		x
392	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4557/pg4557.txt	The Idea Of Progress	1920	1	1	x		7	x		4	x		x
397	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4557/pg4557.txt	The Idea Of Progress	1920	3	1	x		7	x		4	x		x
696	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/13176/pg13176.txt	The Abolitionists (Together With Personal Memories Of The Struggle For Human Rights)	1830-1864	CONTENTS	1	x		7	x		4	x		x
705	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/13176/pg13176.txt	The Abolitionists (Together With Personal Memories Of The Struggle For Human Rights)	1830-1864	V.--THE POLITICAL SITUATION 41	1	0		7	0		4	0		0
716	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/13176/pg13176.txt	The Abolitionists (Together With Personal Memories Of The Struggle For Human Rights)	1830-1864	VI.--ANTI-SLAVERY PIONEERS 49	1	1		7	1		4	1		1
688	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/13176/pg13176.txt	The Abolitionists (Together With Personal Memories Of The Struggle For Human Rights)	1830-1864	XVIII.--LINCOLN AND EMANCIPATION 136	1	1		7	1		4	1		1
452	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/33944/pg33944.txt	How to Observe Morals and Manners	1838	* * * * *	1	x		7	x		4	x		x
563	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8077/pg8077.txt	The Mind in the Making: The Relation of Intelligence to Social Reform	1921	[*] You provide, or agree to also provide on request at no additional cost, fee or expense, a copy of the eBook in its original plain ASCII form (or in EBCDIC or other equivalent proprietary form).	1	1		7	-1		4	1		1
459	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/33944/pg33944.txt	How to Observe Morals and Manners	1838	"He that questioneth much shall learn much, and content much; but especially if he apply his questions to the skill of the persons whom he asketh; for he shall give them occasion to please themselves in speaking, and himself shall continually gather knowledge." _Bacon._	1	x		7	1		4	-1		d
470	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/33944/pg33944.txt	How to Observe Morals and Manners	1838	"Une différente coutume donnera d'autres principes naturels. Cela se voit par expérience; et s'il y en a d'ineffaçables à la coutume, il y en a aussi de la coutume ineffaçables à la nature."--PASCAL.	1	0		7	0		4	0		0
429	https://www.gutenberg.org/files/31529/31529-0.txt	Modern Marriage and How To Bear It	1908	[Footnote 1: Augusta Webster.]	1	x		7	0		4	x		x
420	https://www.gutenberg.org/files/31529/31529-0.txt	Modern Marriage and How To Bear It	1908	+{Lit}erary World.+--“Very brightly written, and even when {most a}udacious is full of good feeling and good sense . . . amusing {and shre}wd . . . clever and stimulating.”	1	0		7	0		4	0		0
565	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8077/pg8077.txt	The Mind in the Making: The Relation of Intelligence to Social Reform	1921	Never before have we had to rely so completely on ourselves. No guardian to think for us, no precedent to follow without question, no lawmaker above, only ordinary men set to deal with heartbreaking perplexity. All weakness comes to the surface. We are homeless in a jungle of machines and untamed powers that haunt and lure the imagination. Of course our culture is confused, our thinking spasmodic, and our emotion out of kilter. No mariner ever enters upon a more uncharted sea than does the average human being born in the twentieth century. Our ancestors thought they knew their way from birth through all eternity; we are puzzled about day after to-morrow.... It is with emancipation that real tasks begin, and liberty is a searching challenge, for it takes away the guardianship of the master and the comfort of the priest. The iconoclasts did not free us. They threw us into the water, and now we have to swim.[29]	1	-1		7	-1		4	-1		-1
443	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/33944/pg33944.txt	How to Observe Morals and Manners	1838	Page 239 the occupations which the mass o the occupations which the mass of	1	1		7	0		4	0		0
448	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/33944/pg33944.txt	How to Observe Morals and Manners	1838	Shipwright Bricklayer Mason Carpenter Plumber, Painter, and Glazier Cabinet Maker and Upholsterer Smith Cooper, Brush Maker, Basket Maker Brazier and Tinman Carver and Gilder Wheelwright and Coachmaker Watchmaker Goldsmith and Jeweller Printer Bookbinder Engraver Tailor Milliner Shoemaker Saddler Hairdresser.	1	0		7	0		4	0		0
622	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1228/pg1228.txt	On the Origin of species	1859	Amblyopsis, blind fish, 139.	1	0		7	0		4	0		0
641	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1228/pg1228.txt	On the Origin of species	1859	Ammonites, sudden extinction of, 321.	1	0		7	0		4	0		0
643	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1228/pg1228.txt	On the Origin of species	1859	Aphis, development of, 442.	1	0		7	0		4	0		0
629	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1228/pg1228.txt	On the Origin of species	1859	Babington, Mr., on British plants, 48.	1	0		7	0		4	0		0
652	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1228/pg1228.txt	On the Origin of species	1859	Babington, Mr., on British plants, 48.	1	0		7	0		4	0		0
646	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1228/pg1228.txt	On the Origin of species	1859	Carrier-pigeons killed by hawks, 362.	1	0		7	0		4	0		0
634	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1228/pg1228.txt	On the Origin of species	1859	Distribution: geographical, 346. means of, 356.	1	0		7	0		4	0		0
637	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1228/pg1228.txt	On the Origin of species	1859	Driver-ant, 240.	1	0		7	0		4	0		0
505	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22306/pg22306.txt	Human Traits and their Social Significance	1920	Dry clashed his harness in the icy caves, And barren chasms, and all to left and right, The bare black cliff clanged round him, as he based His feet on juts of slippery crag that rang, Sharp-smitten with the dint of armed heels-- And on a sudden, lo! the level lake, And the long glories of the winter moon."[1]	1	0		7	-1		4	0		0
635	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1228/pg1228.txt	On the Origin of species	1859	Frogs on islands, 393.	1	0		7	0		4	0		0
636	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1228/pg1228.txt	On the Origin of species	1859	Monocanthus, 424.	1	0		7	0		4	0		0
633	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1228/pg1228.txt	On the Origin of species	1859	Plants: poisonous, not affecting certain coloured animals, 12. selection applied to, 32. gradual improvement of, 37. not improved in barbarous countries, 38. destroyed by insects, 67. in midst of range, have to struggle with other plants, 77. nectar of, 92, fleshy, on sea-shores, 132. fresh-water, distribution of, 386. low in scale, widely distributed, 406.	1	0		7	0		4	0		0
623	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1228/pg1228.txt	On the Origin of species	1859	Quince, grafts of, 261.	1	0		7	0		4	0		0
624	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1228/pg1228.txt	On the Origin of species	1859	Slave-making instinct, 219.	1	1		7	1	I just put 1 because slave-making is a paternalistic thing.	4	0		1
424	https://www.gutenberg.org/files/31529/31529-0.txt	Modern Marriage and How To Bear It	1908	--If “œ” displays as a single character, and apostrophes and quotation marks are “curly” or angled, you have the UTF-8 version (best). If any part of this paragraph displays as garbage, try changing your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding”. If that doesn’t work, proceed to: --In the Latin-1 version, “œ” is two letters, but French words like “étude” have accents and “æ” is a single letter. Apostrophes and quotation marks will be straight (“typewriter” form). Again, if you see any garbage in this paragraph and can’t get it to display properly, use: --The ascii-7 or rock-bottom version. All necessary text will still be there; it just won’t be as pretty.]	1	0		7	0		4	1		0
425	https://www.gutenberg.org/files/31529/31529-0.txt	Modern Marriage and How To Bear It	1908	‘Conduct whose total results, immediate and remote, are injurious is bad conduct.’ --HERBERT SPENCER.	1	-1		7	1	Anybody can make up things (about the future consequences of your actions) to enslave you.	4	1	Some people might think injurious is good.	1
430	https://www.gutenberg.org/files/31529/31529-0.txt	Modern Marriage and How To Bear It	1908	‘For me the only remedy to the mortal injustices, to the endless miseries, to the often incurable passions which disturb the union of the sexes, is the liberty of breaking up conjugal ties and forming them again.’ --GEORGE SAND.	1	-1		7	-1		4	-1		-1
432	https://www.gutenberg.org/files/31529/31529-0.txt	Modern Marriage and How To Bear It	1908	‘God made you, but you marry yourself.’ --R. L. STEVENSON.	1	-1		7	-1	It is actually freeing from the shackles of God, existent or not.	4	1	judging the attitude of someone's personal choice	-1
442	https://www.gutenberg.org/files/31529/31529-0.txt	Modern Marriage and How To Bear It	1908	‘It’s a woman’s business to get married as soon as possible and a man’s to remain unmarried as long as he can.’ --G. BERNARD SHAW.	1	1		7	1		4	1	What gives Bernard Shaw the aptitude to reveal the deep nature of men and woman?	1
433	https://www.gutenberg.org/files/31529/31529-0.txt	Modern Marriage and How To Bear It	1908	‘The Subject of Marriage is kept too much in the dark. Air it! Air it!’--GEORGE MEREDITH.	1	1		7	-1	Suggests that marriage is bad and marriage is paternalistic, ergo -1.	4	-1		-1
711	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/13176/pg13176.txt	The Abolitionists (Together With Personal Memories Of The Struggle For Human Rights)	1830-1864	"Midnight found me on the highway, and on the driver's seat of one of our farm wagons, to which was attached a span of horses moving in the direction of the north star. That luminary was not on this occasion visible. The sky was heavily overcast and the night was very dark. A light rain was falling. With all the confidence I had in my own ability, more than once would I have lost the way, but for the sagacity of the horses, which had gone over that route a number of times under similar circumstances. They acted as if altogether familiar with it. Those horses proved themselves to be excellent Abolitionists.	1	0	Thirsty … drink water … meantime discussion around... bottle of whisky	7	0	He is at the mercy of the horses, but that does not have to do with paternalism. The reference to Abolitionism I don’t get.	4	-1		0
421	https://www.gutenberg.org/files/31529/31529-0.txt	Modern Marriage and How To Bear It	1908	A FEW SUGGESTIONS FOR REFORM	1	0		7	0		4	-1	Suggesting isn't imposing	0
631	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1228/pg1228.txt	On the Origin of species	1859	CHAPTER 14. RECAPITULATION AND CONCLUSION.	1	0		7	1		4	1	I can draw my own conclusions	1
422	https://www.gutenberg.org/files/31529/31529-0.txt	Modern Marriage and How To Bear It	1908	CHILDREN--THE _CUL-DE-SAC_ OF ALL REFORMS	1	1	it's a trap !!	7	1		4	1	killing utopias on the assumption that babies have the power to ruin stuff	1
648	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1228/pg1228.txt	On the Origin of species	1859	Distribution of fresh-water productions. On the inhabitants of oceanic islands. Absence of Batrachians and of terrestrial Mammals. On the relation of the inhabitants of islands to those of the nearest mainland. On colonisation from the nearest source with subsequent modification. Summary of the last and present chapters.	1	0	description of a colonist process ?	7	0	It is a non-paternalistic description of a paternalistic process.	4	0		0
431	https://www.gutenberg.org/files/31529/31529-0.txt	Modern Marriage and How To Bear It	1908	III	1	x		7	0		4	x		x
412	https://www.gutenberg.org/files/31529/31529-0.txt	Modern Marriage and How To Bear It	1908	LEASEHOLD MARRIAGE À LA MEREDITH	1	0		7	1	No idea what is it but I doesn’t sound great.	4	0		0
419	https://www.gutenberg.org/files/31529/31529-0.txt	Modern Marriage and How To Bear It	1908	MAUD CHURTON BRABY	1	0		7	0		4	0	No idea what's a braby	0
133	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining	Mining	2015	The Bagger 288 is a bucket-wheel excavator used in strip mining. It is also the largest land vehicle of all time. A Bucyrus Erie 2570 dragline and CAT 797 haul truck at the North Antelope Rochelle opencut coal mine	1	0		7	0		4	1	“largest of all time” is quite a statement	0
436	https://www.gutenberg.org/files/31529/31529-0.txt	Modern Marriage and How To Bear It	1908	THE MUTUAL DISSATISFACTION OF THE SEXES	1	-1		7	-1	You could say it is paternalistic to queers etc. but at least the two basic sexes are treated equally, which is antipaternalistic for 1908.	4	1		-1
414	https://www.gutenberg.org/files/31529/31529-0.txt	Modern Marriage and How To Bear It	1908	THE VARIOUS KINDS OF MARRIAGE	1	-1	oh various	7	0	Well it depends what kind of marriages these are.	4	0		0
496	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22306/pg22306.txt	Human Traits and their Social Significance	1920	"He knows how much of what men paint themselves Would blister in the light of what they are; He sees how much of what was great now shares An eminence transformed and ordinary; He knows too much of what the world has hushed In others, to be loud now for himself."[2]	1	1	one cqrrelator leaves us	7	0		4	1	That's a succession of assumptions	1
439	https://www.gutenberg.org/files/31529/31529-0.txt	Modern Marriage and How To Bear It	1908	_M._ ‘Well, you were twenty-four when you married Gordon; why didn’t youchoose him more carefully?’	1	1		7	-1		4			d
411	https://www.gutenberg.org/files/31529/31529-0.txt	Modern Marriage and How To Bear It	1908	_The Marriage of Passion._--One of Mr Somerset Maugham’s characters in_The Merry-Go-Round_ says: ‘I’m convinced that marriage is the mostterrible thing in the world, unless passion makes it absolutelyinevitable.’ Although a profound admirer of Mr Maugham’s work, here Ifind myself entirely at variance with him. Most of the mad, unreasonablematches are those which ‘passion makes inevitable.’ Theoretically thisis one of the most promising types of marriage--in practice it provesthe most fatally unhappy of all. ‘They’re madly in love with each other,it’s an ideal match’ is a comment one often hears expressed with muchsatisfaction, but it is a painful fact that these desperate loves leadvery frequently to disaster and divorce. Most of the miserable marriedcouples personally known to me were ‘madly in love’ with each other atthe start.	1	1	discussion around … read twice	7	1	Statistics is paternalistic.	4	0	Sort of an attempt to temperate Maugham's opinion. But I put 0 because of the compliment for Maugham before opposing to his point of view.	1
524	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/29508/pg29508.txt	The Ethics of Cooperation	1918	_The Riverside Press_CAMBRIDGE · MASSACHUSETTSU · S · A	1	x		7	1	Brings the authority of a respectable publishing house against the reader.	4	0		d
660	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2162/pg2162.txt	Anarchism and other essays	1910	- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.	1	-1		7	1		4	1	Do I?	1
539	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/29508/pg29508.txt	The Ethics of Cooperation	1918	- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."	1	1		7	1		4	1		1
376	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4557/pg4557.txt	The Idea Of Progress	1920	- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm works.	1	1		7	1		4	1	You do this, you do that.	1
403	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4557/pg4557.txt	The Idea Of Progress	1920	- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm works.	1	1		7	1		4	1		1
441	https://www.gutenberg.org/files/31529/31529-0.txt	Modern Marriage and How To Bear It	1908	‘I deny the first statement,’ said the Good Stockbroker heatedly. He wasalways heated where questions of morality were concerned, and wasproceeding to give chapter and verse for what promised to become asomewhat dull discussion when the Bluestocking firmly interposed in hersmall staccato pipe:	1	1	to interpose	7	1	A small staccato pipe can only be paternalistic.	4	1	I don't know how the Good Stockbroker is on a daily basis.	1
440	https://www.gutenberg.org/files/31529/31529-0.txt	Modern Marriage and How To Bear It	1908	‘I know,’ said Isolda, coming to the rescue. ‘I was reading afrightfully interesting book about it the other day, _Imperial Purple_.It was the relaxing of all ideals, the giving way entirely to carnalappetites, the utter lack of moral backbone consequent on excess ofluxury and prosperity that smashed up the Romans. But if a strenuous,cold-blooded nation like ourselves chose to relax the stringentconditions of marriage, and kept strictly to the innovation, well, it’sabsurd to say all our ideals would deteriorate and the Empire collapsein consequence!’	1	1	oh depression around	7	1	Promarriage.	4	0	Isolda's words reported. Although they might have been made up to make me think it's not the writer's opinion.	1
409	https://www.gutenberg.org/files/31529/31529-0.txt	Modern Marriage and How To Bear It	1908	‘I’ll have a shilling each way on it,’ murmured the Ass (an incorrigibleyouth, quite the Winston Churchill of our family cabinet), using hiscustomary formula. Unheeding, the Bluestocking chirruped on severely:‘You must know, if you have ever studied sociology, that marriage isessentially a _social contract_, primarily based on selfishness. Atpresent it still retains its semi-barbarous form, and those who preachwithout reason of its alleged sacredness would be better employed insuggesting how the savage code now in vogue can be modified to meet thenecessities of modern civilisation.’	1	1		7	-1	Anything uttered by a Bluestocking must be antipaternalistic.	4			d
428	https://www.gutenberg.org/files/31529/31529-0.txt	Modern Marriage and How To Bear It	1908	‘Is that what we use? . . . Really I don’t see anything to laugh at.’	1	0		7	0		4	1	Personally he/she doesn't see.	0
418	https://www.gutenberg.org/files/31529/31529-0.txt	Modern Marriage and How To Bear It	1908	‘Not you, old chap, but the Weary Roué and the Good Stockbroker, jawingaway as if they really thought monogamy was in the majority in thiscountry, and polygamy was something new! Of course one expects it fromthe G. S., but you, W. R., really ought to know better--by the way,where is the G. S?’	1	1	feel nervous or what ?	7	-1	A paternalistic expression of antipaternalistic ideas.	4	0	quote	d
607	https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/7300/pg7300.txt	Woman And The Republic	1897	"He has taken from her all right in property, even to the wages sheearns." "He has made her, morally, an irresponsible being, as she cancommit many crimes with impunity, provided they be done in the presence ofher husband." "In the covenant of marriage, she is compelled to promiseobedience to her husband, he becoming, to all intents and purposes, hermaster--the law giving him power to deprive her of her liberty, and toadminister chastisement." "He has so framed the laws of divorce, as towhat shall be proper causes, and, in case of separation, to whom theguardianship of the children shall be given, as to be wholly regardless ofthe happiness of women--the law, in all cases, going upon a falsesupposition of the supremacy of man, and giving all power into his hands."	1	1		7	1		4	1	Quotes are arranged in a manipulative way.	1
686	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2162/pg2162.txt	Anarchism and other essays	1910	"I went away from my native place because I was frequently moved totears at seeing little girls of eight or ten years obliged to workfifteen hours a day for the paltry pay of twenty centimes. Youngwomen of eighteen or twenty also work fifteen hours daily, for amockery of remuneration. And that happens not only to my fellowcountrymen, but to all the workers, who sweat the whole day long fora crust of bread, while their labor produces wealth in abundance.The workers are obliged to live under the most wretched conditions,and their food consists of a little bread, a few spoonfuls of rice,and water; so by the time they are thirty or forty years old, theyare exhausted, and go to die in the hospitals. Besides, inconsequence of bad food and overwork, these unhappy creatures are, byhundreds, devoured by pellagra--a disease that, in my country,attacks, as the physicians say, those who are badly fed and lead alife of toil and privation.	1	-1		7	1	It could just as well suggest how strong these people are, since they survive and resist these conditions every day (well, every day that they are alive).	4	0	Someone's story and point of view.	d
703	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/13176/pg13176.txt	The Abolitionists (Together With Personal Memories Of The Struggle For Human Rights)	1830-1864	"If you contemplate remaining in Missouri," said the older man to thejunior, "you should take the Southern side. Missouri is a slave Stateand a Southern State, and she will naturally go with her section."	1	1	Photo / documenting the annotation table after an hour	7	-1	Good advice to people running from paternalism.	4	1		1
359	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism	Social Darwinism	2015	"Social Darwinism" was first described by Oscar Schmidt of the University of Strasbourg, reporting at a scientific and medical conference held in Munich in 1877. He noted how socialists, although opponents of Darwin's theory, nonetheless used it to add force to their political arguments. Schmidt's essay first appeared in English in Popular Science in March 1879. There followed an anarchist tract published in Paris in 1880 entitled "Le darwinisme social" by Émile Gautier. However, the use of the term was very rare — at least in the English-speaking world (Hodgson, 2004)— until the American historian Richard Hofstadter published his influential Social Darwinism in American Thought (1944) during World War II.	1	1		7	0		4	0		0
640	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1228/pg1228.txt	On the Origin of species	1859	"To conclude, therefore, let no man out of a weak conceit of sobriety,or an ill-applied moderation, think or maintain, that a man can searchtoo far or be too well studied in the book of God's word, or in the bookof God's works; divinity or philosophy; but rather let men endeavour anendless progress or proficience in both."	1	1		7	-1	Sounds like liberation theology.	4	0		d
342	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism	Social Darwinism	2015	“These arrangements did not in any way affect that which we understand by the word " tenure," that is, a man's farm, but they related solely to cattle, which we consider a chattel. It has appeared necessary to devote some space to this subject, inasmuch as that usually acute writer Sir Henry Maine has accepted the word " tenure " in its modern interpretation, and has built up a theory under which the Irish chief " developed " into a feudal baron. I can find nothing in the Brehon laws to warrant this theory of social Darwinism, and believe further study will show that the Cain Saerrath and the Cain Aigillue relate solely to what we now call chattels, and did not in any way affect what we now call the freehold, the possession of the land.” — Fisher 1877.	1	1		7	0		4	0		0
674	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2162/pg2162.txt	Anarchism and other essays	1910	[1] Dr. Sanger, THE HISTORY OF PROSTITUTION.	1	-1		7	0		4	0		0
581	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8077/pg8077.txt	The Mind in the Making: The Relation of Intelligence to Social Reform	1921	[14] "A Theory of History", Political Science Quarterly, December,1920. He attributes history to the adventurers.	1	1		7	1	The adventurers cannot write their own history.	4	0		1
549	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8077/pg8077.txt	The Mind in the Making: The Relation of Intelligence to Social Reform	1921	[28] The relation of our kinesthesia or muscular sense to fanaticismon the one hand and freedom of mind on the other is a matter nowbeginning to be studied with the promise of highly important results.	1	1		7	1	Reduces questions of political agency to physiological problems.	4	1		1
676	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2162/pg2162.txt	Anarchism and other essays	1910	[5] EQUAL SUFFRAGE. Dr. Helen A. Sumner.	1	-1		7	-1		4	0		-1
455	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/33944/pg33944.txt	How to Observe Morals and Manners	1838	[E] Jacob, "Travels in the South of Spain."	1	x		7	1	The author must have thought it a highly exotic yet barbaric place.	4	0		d
483	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22306/pg22306.txt	Human Traits and their Social Significance	1920	[Footnote 1: "Many Bostonians, _crede experto_ (and inhabitantsof other cities, too, I fear), would be happier men and women to-dayif they could once for all abandon the notion of keeping up a MusicalSelf and without shame let people hear them call a symphony a nuisance."James: _Psychology_, vol. I, p. 311.]	1	0		7	1	Posh.	4	1	This footnote isn't just informative but trying to influence the reader's judgment	1
511	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22306/pg22306.txt	Human Traits and their Social Significance	1920	[Footnote 1: A. Sabatier: _Esquisse d'une Philosophie de laReligion_ (ed. 1897), pp. 24-26.]	1	1		7	1	Religion cannot have a philosophy.	4	0		1
512	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22306/pg22306.txt	Human Traits and their Social Significance	1920	[Footnote 1: Aristotle: _loc. cit._, p. 37.]	1	0		7	0		4	0		0
491	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22306/pg22306.txt	Human Traits and their Social Significance	1920	[Footnote 1: For a detailed discussion see Hastings: _Encyclopoediaof Religion and Ethics_, vol. II, pp. 278-335.]	1	0		7	0		4	0		0
507	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22306/pg22306.txt	Human Traits and their Social Significance	1920	[Footnote 1: Jane Harrison: _Ancient Art and Ritual_, p. 31.]	1	0		7	0		4	0		0
482	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22306/pg22306.txt	Human Traits and their Social Significance	1920	[Footnote 2: Thilly: _loc. cit._, p. 76.]	1	0		7	0			0		0
472	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/33944/pg33944.txt	How to Observe Morals and Manners	1838	[K] Corn Law Rhymer. Elliott of Sheffield.	1	x		7	0		4	0		0
601	https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/7300/pg7300.txt	Woman And The Republic	1897	[Portions of this eBook's header and trailer may be reprinted onlywhen distributed free of all fees. Copyright (C) 2001, 2002 byMichael S. Hart. Project Gutenberg is a TradeMark and may not beused in any sales of Project Gutenberg eBooks or other materials bethey hardware or software or any other related product withoutexpress permission.]	1	-1		7	1		4	1		1
515	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/29508/pg29508.txt	The Ethics of Cooperation	1918	* START: FULL LICENSE *	1	1		7	1		4	1	This is more of an imperative than an invitation	1
717	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/13176/pg13176.txt	The Abolitionists (Together With Personal Memories Of The Struggle For Human Rights)	1830-1864	* START: FULL LICENSE *	1	1		7	1		4	1	bis	1
530	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/29508/pg29508.txt	The Ethics of Cooperation	1918	*END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ETHICS OF COöPERATION*	1	-1		7	0		4	1	No need to be notified when reaching the end of a book.	d
566	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8077/pg8077.txt	The Mind in the Making: The Relation of Intelligence to Social Reform	1921	eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971	1	-1		7	-1	That is what I call emancipation.	4	1		-1
585	https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/7300/pg7300.txt	Woman And The Republic	1897	eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971	1	-1		7	-1	-\|\|-	4	1		-1
577	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8077/pg8077.txt	The Mind in the Making: The Relation of Intelligence to Social Reform	1921	BEFORE! YOU USE OR READ THIS EBOOKBy using or reading any part of this PROJECT GUTENBERG-tmeBook, you indicate that you understand, agree to and acceptthis "Small Print!" statement. If you do not, you can receivea refund of the money (if any) you paid for this eBook bysending a request within 30 days of receiving it to the personyou got it from. If you received this eBook on a physicalmedium (such as a disk), you must return it with your request.	1	0		7	1		4	1		1
610	https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/7300/pg7300.txt	Woman And The Republic	1897	BEFORE! YOU USE OR READ THIS EBOOKBy using or reading any part of this PROJECT GUTENBERG-tmeBook, you indicate that you understand, agree to and acceptthis "Small Print!" statement. If you do not, you can receivea refund of the money (if any) you paid for this eBook bysending a request within 30 days of receiving it to the personyou got it from. If you received this eBook on a physicalmedium (such as a disk), you must return it with your request.	1	0		7	1		4	1		1
546	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/29508/pg29508.txt	The Ethics of Cooperation	1918	1. The survival of the principle of dominance, showing itself in desirefor political power and prestige, and in certain conceptions ofnational honor.	1	1		7	-1		4	0		d
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453	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/33944/pg33944.txt	How to Observe Morals and Manners	1838	1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerableeffort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofreadpublic domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tmcollection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronicworks, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate orcorrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectualproperty infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, acomputer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read byyour equipment.	1	1		7	1		4	1		1
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423	https://www.gutenberg.org/files/31529/31529-0.txt	Modern Marriage and How To Bear It	1908	1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Rightof Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the ProjectGutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the ProjectGutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a ProjectGutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim allliability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legalfees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICTLIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSEPROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THETRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BELIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE ORINCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCHDAMAGE.	1	1		7	1		4	1		1
513	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/29508/pg29508.txt	The Ethics of Cooperation	1918	1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Rightof Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the ProjectGutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the ProjectGutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a ProjectGutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim allliability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legalfees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICTLIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSEPROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THETRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BELIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE ORINCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCHDAMAGE.	1	1		7	1		4	1		1
543	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/29508/pg29508.txt	The Ethics of Cooperation	1918	1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Rightof Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the ProjectGutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the ProjectGutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a ProjectGutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim allliability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legalfees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICTLIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSEPROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THETRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BELIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE ORINCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCHDAMAGE.	1	1		7	1		4	1		1
550	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8077/pg8077.txt	The Mind in the Making: The Relation of Intelligence to Social Reform	1921	11. OUR MEDIAEVAL INTELLECTUAL INHERITANCE	1	1		7	1		4	0		1
554	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8077/pg8077.txt	The Mind in the Making: The Relation of Intelligence to Social Reform	1921	17. WHAT OF IT?	1	0		7	1		4	0		0
555	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8077/pg8077.txt	The Mind in the Making: The Relation of Intelligence to Social Reform	1921	17. WHAT OF IT?	1	0		7	1		4	0		0
562	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8077/pg8077.txt	The Mind in the Making: The Relation of Intelligence to Social Reform	1921	17. WHAT OF IT?	1	0		7	1		4	0		0
561	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8077/pg8077.txt	The Mind in the Making: The Relation of Intelligence to Social Reform	1921	3. ON VARIOUS KINDS OF THINKING	1	0		7	1		4	0		0
568	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8077/pg8077.txt	The Mind in the Making: The Relation of Intelligence to Social Reform	1921	6. OUR ANIMAL HERITAGE. THE NATURE OF CIVILIZATION	1	1		7	1		4	0		1
579	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8077/pg8077.txt	The Mind in the Making: The Relation of Intelligence to Social Reform	1921	6. OUR ANIMAL HERITAGE. THE NATURE OF CIVILIZATION	1	1		7	1		4	0		1
460	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/33944/pg33944.txt	How to Observe Morals and Manners	1838	A good many features compose the physiognomy of a nation; and scarcelyany traveller is qualified to study them all. The same man is rarelyenlightened enough to make investigation at once into the religion of apeople, into its general moral notions, its domestic and economicalstate, its political condition, and the facts of its progress;--allwhich are necessary to a full understanding of its morals and manners.Few have even attempted an inquiry of this extent. The worst of it isthat few dream of undertaking the study of any one feature of society atall. We should by this time have been rich in the knowledge of nationsif each intelligent traveller had endeavoured to report of any onedepartment of moral inquiry, however narrow; but, instead of this, theobservations offered to us are almost purely desultory. The travellerhears and notes what this and that and the other person says. If threeor four agree in their statements on any point, he remains unaware of adoubt, and the matter is settled. If they differ, he is perplexed, doesnot know whom to believe, and decides, probably, in accordance withprepossessions of his own. The case is almost equally bad, either way.He will hear only one side of every question if he sees only one classof persons,--like the English in America, for instance, who go commonlywith letters of introduction from merchants at home to merchants in themaritime cities, and hear nothing but federal politics, and see nothingbut aristocratic manners. They come home with notions which they supposeto be indisputable about the great Bank question, the state of parties,and the relations of the General and State governments; and with wordsin their mouths of whose objectionable character they areunaware,--about the common people, mob government, the encroachment ofthe poor upon the rich, and so on. Such partial intercourse is fatal tothe observations of a traveller; but it is less perplexing and painfulat the time than the better process of going from one set of people toanother, and hearing what all have to say. No traveller in the UnitedStates can learn much of the country without conversing equally withfarmers and merchants, with artizans and statesmen, with villagers andplanters; but, while discharging this duty, he will be so bewilderedwith the contrariety of statements and convictions, that he will oftenshut his note-book in a state of scepticism as to whether there be anytruth at all shining steadily behind all this tempest of opinions. Thusit is with the stranger who traverses the streets of Warsaw, and istrusted with the groans of some of the outraged mourners who linger inits dwellings; and then goes to St. Petersburg, and is presented withevidences of the enlightenment of the Czar, of his humanity, hispaternal affection for his subjects, and his general superiority to hisage. At Warsaw the traveller called him a miscreant; at Petersburg he isrequired to pronounce him a philanthropist. Such must be the uncertaintyof judgment when it is based upon the testimony of individuals. Toarrive at the facts of the condition of a people through the discourseof individuals, is a hopeless enterprise. The plain truth is--it isbeginning at the wrong end.	1	-1		7	-1		4	0		-1
77	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	A key feature of the American UNIVAC I system of 1951 was the implementation of a newly invented type of metal magnetic tape, and a high-speed tape unit, for non-volatile storage. Magnetic tape is still used in many computers.[97] In 1952, IBM publicly announced the IBM 701 Electronic Data Processing Machine, the first in its successful 700/7000 series and its first IBM mainframe computer. The IBM 704, introduced in 1954, used magnetic core memory, which became the standard for large machines.	1	0	one hour thrity minutes later	7	0		4	0	Factual	0
265	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage	Sabotage	2015	A modern form of sabotage is the distribution of software intended to damage specific industrial systems. For example, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is alleged to have sabotaged a Siberian pipeline during the Cold War, using information from the Farewell Dossier. A more recent case may be the Stuxnet computer worm, which was designed to subtly infect and damage specific types of industrial equipment. Based on the equipment targeted and the location of infected machines, security experts believe it was an attack on the Iranian nuclear program by the United States, Israel or, according to the latest news, even Russia.[10]	1	1		7	0		4	0		0
244	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choice	Choice	2015	A number of research studies in economic psychology have focused on how individual behavior differs when the choice set size (the number of choices to choose from) is low versus when it is high. Of particular interest is whether individuals are more likely to purchase a product from a large versus a small choice set. Currently, the effect of choice set size on the probability of a purchase is unclear. In some cases, large choice set sizes discourage individuals from making a choice[10] and in other cases it either encourages them or has no effect.[11] One study compared the allure of more choice to the tyranny of too much choice. Individuals went virtual shopping in different stores that had a randomly determined set of choices ranging from 4 to 16, with some being good choices and some being bad. Researchers found a stronger effect for the allure of more choice. However, they speculate that due to random assignment of number of choices and goodness of those choices, many of the shops with fewer choices included zero or only one option that was reasonably good, which may have made it easier to make an acceptable choice when more options were available.[12]	1	0		7	0		4	0	I have to trust the writer, who does not provide me with much reference.	0
238	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choice	Choice	2015	A Ouija board is also a delegated decision.	1	0		7	-1		4	0		0
687	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2162/pg2162.txt	Anarchism and other essays	1910	A propagandist of Emma Goldman's importance is necessarily a sharpthorn to the reaction. She is looked upon as a danger to thecontinued existence of authoritarian usurpation. No wonder, then,that the enemy resorts to any and all means to make her impossible.A systematic attempt to suppress her activities was organized a yearago by the united police force of the country. But like all previoussimilar attempts, it failed in a most brilliant manner. Energeticprotests on the part of the intellectual element of America succeededin overthrowing the dastardly conspiracy against free speech.Another attempt to make Emma Goldman impossible was essayed by theFederal authorities at Washington. In order to deprive her of therights of citizenship, the government revoked the citizenship papersof her husband, whom she had married at the youthful age of eighteen,and whose whereabouts, if he be alive, could not be determined forthe last two decades. The great government of the glorious UnitedStates did not hesitate to stoop to the most despicable methods toaccomplish that achievement. But as her citizenship had never provedof use to Emma Goldman, she can bear the loss with a light heart.	1	-1		7	1		4	1		1
606	https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/7300/pg7300.txt	Woman And The Republic	1897	A rapid survey of some of the educational conditions that led to the stateof things existing when Suffrage associations were formed, will be inplace. Learning seemed incompatible with worship early in the Christianera. The faith that worked by love was "to the Jews a stumbling-block, andto the Greeks foolishness." That great battle between the felt and thecomprehended, which in this era we have named the conflict between scienceand religion, was decided in the mind of the apostle to the Gentiles whenhe wrote: "We know in part, and we prophesy in part; when that which isperfect is come, that which is in part shall be done away." He recalledthe accusation, "Thou art beside thyself, much learning hath made theemad," and he hastened to assure the unlettered fishermen and the simpleand devout women who were followers of Christ, that "all knowledge" wasnaught if they had not love; that even faith was vain if it led to therejection of the diviner wisdom that a little child could understand.	1	1		7	-1	Criticising religion which is a paternalistic concept.	4	1		1
288	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage	Sabotage	2015	A sabotage radio was a small two-way radio designed for use by resistance movements in World War II, and after the war often used by expeditions and similar parties.	1	-1		7	1	A technology of liberation!	4	0		d
226	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty	Liberty	2015	A school of thought popular among U.S. libertarians holds that there is no tenable distinction between the two sorts of liberty – that they are, indeed, one and the same, to be protected (or opposed) together. In the context of U.S. constitutional law, for example, they point out that the constitution twice lists "life, liberty, and property" without making any distinctions within that troika.	1	1		7	1	Refers to a higher document for authority.	4	-1		1
85	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	A second generation computer, the IBM 1401, captured about one third of the world market. IBM installed more than ten thousand 1401s between 1960 and 1964.	1	0		7	0	Sad but true.	4	0		0
352	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism	Social Darwinism	2015	According to Michael Ruse, Darwin read Malthus' famous Essay on a Principle of Population in 1838, four years after Malthus' death. Malthus himself anticipated the social Darwinists in suggesting that charity could exacerbate social problems.	1	1		7	0		4	0		0
228	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty	Liberty	2015	According to republican theorists of freedom, like the historian Quentin Skinner or the philosopher Philip Pettit, one's liberty should not be viewed as the absence of interference in one's actions, but as non-dependence. According to this view, that originates in the Roman Digest, to be a liber homo, a free man, means being in a state of non-dependence from another's arbitrary will. The second step of the argument of these neo-Roman writers, like Machiavelli, was that you have to be a member of a free self-governing civil association, a republic, if you are to enjoy individual liberty.	1	0		7	1	Talking about liberation.	4	-1	Attributes ideas to people, gives a set of opinions.	d
189	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page	Larry Page	2015	After enrolling in a computer science Ph.D. program at Stanford University, Page was in search of a dissertation theme and considered exploring the mathematical properties of the World Wide Web, understanding its link structure as a huge graph.[16][17] His supervisor, Terry Winograd, encouraged him to pursue this idea, which Page later recalled as the best advice he ever got.[18] Page then focused on the problem of finding out which web pages link to a given page, considering the number and nature of such backlinks to be valuable information about that page, with the role of citations in academic publishing in mind.[17] In his research project, nicknamed "BackRub", he was soon joined by Sergey Brin, a fellow Stanford Ph.D. student.[17] Together, the pair authored a paper titled "The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine", which became one of the most downloaded scientific documents in the history of the internet at the time.[19][20]	1	0		7	0		4	0		0
141	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marissa_Mayer&printable=yes	Marissa Mayer	2015	After graduating from university, Mayer received 14 job offers,[28] including a teaching job at Carnegie Mellon University[29] and a consulting job at McKinsey & Company.[22] She joined Google in 1999 as employee number 20 and was the company's first female engineer.[36][37] She started out writing code and overseeing small teams of engineers, developing and designing Google’s search offerings.[11] She became known for her attention to detail[38] which helped land her a promotion to product manager,[39] and later became Director of Consumer Web products.[40][19] She personally oversaw the layout of Google's well-known, unadorned search homepage.[41][42][40]	1	0		7	0		4	0		0
200	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page	Larry Page	2015	After Page took over as Googles CEO for the second time in 2011, as part of his reorganization, Page gave his new leadership team more autonomy, though, he demanded more collaboration, integration, and unity among Google's products. Googles products and applications also underwent an aesthetic overhaul during this period.[39][40] Page has been quoted as saying that Google "should be building great things that don’t exist", and Page has also been a proponent of "10x" thinking as it applies to Googles efforts in the various fields of computing and technology.[41][42]	1	1		7	1	Suggests that everything has to be bigger and better.	4	0		1
377	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4557/pg4557.txt	The Idea Of Progress	1920	Again, English thinkers were generally inclined to hold, with Locke,that the proper function of government is principally negative, topreserve order and defend life and property, not to aim directly at theimprovement of society, but to secure the conditions in which men maypursue their own legitimate aims. Most of the French theorists believedin the possibility of moulding society indefinitely by political action,and rested their hopes for the future not only on the achievements ofscience, but on the enlightened activity of governments. This differenceof view tended to give to the doctrine of Progress in France morepractical significance than in England.	1	1		7	0		4	1		1
62	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	Although the computer was considered "small and primitive" by the standards of its time, it was the first working machine to contain all of the elements essential to a modern electronic computer.[76] As soon as the SSEM had demonstrated the feasibility of its design, a project was initiated at the university to develop it into a more usable computer, the Manchester Mark 1. The Mark 1 in turn quickly became the prototype for the Ferranti Mark 1, the world's first commercially available general-purpose computer.[77]	1	0		7	0		4	0		0
592	https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/7300/pg7300.txt	Woman And The Republic	1897	Although the law has opened wide the door for all women to engage inbusiness, it still discriminates in their favor in many particulars. Nowoman can be arrested in a civil action, or held by an execution againstthe body, except in cases in which it is shown that she has committed "awilful injury to person, character, or property," or has been guilty ofsuch an evasion of duty as is equivalent to a contempt of court. Thus awoman engaged in business cannot be arrested in an action for a debtfraudulently contracted.	1	1		7	-1		4	-1		-1
659	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2162/pg2162.txt	Anarchism and other essays	1910	America! What magic word. The yearning of the enslaved, thepromised land of the oppressed, the goal of all longing for progress.Here man's ideals had found their fulfillment: no Tsar, no Cossack,no CHINOVNIK. The Republic! Glorious synonym of equality, freedom,brotherhood.	1	-1		7	1	Grounds freedoms in a national ideal.	4	1	Dreadful style.	1
408	https://www.gutenberg.org/files/31529/31529-0.txt	Modern Marriage and How To Bear It	1908	An endless source of trouble between married couples is the moneyquestion. Wives are often extravagant and generally sinfully ignorant offinancial matters at the start. Undoubtedly, as Isolda says: ‘Money (andMenials) mar Matrimony.’ Of the second I cannot trust myself to write,but I know that money--the want of it, the withholding of it, and themis-spending of it--is responsible for a great deal of conjugalconflict. Some men seem to imagine their wives ought to be able to keephouse without means, and these unfortunate women have to coax and begand make quite a favour of it before they can obtain their dueallowance. Even then they are treated like children, and their use ofthe money is inquired into in a most insulting manner, as if there wassuch a royal margin for extravagance.	1	1		7	0		4	1		1
241	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choice	Choice	2015	An example of a highly evaluable attribute is SAT score. Everyone knows that an SAT score below 800 is very bad while an SAT score above 1500 is exceptionally good. Because the distribution of scores on this attribute is relatively well known it is a highly evaluable attribute. Compare SAT score to a poorly evaluable attribute, such as number of hours spent doing homework. Most employers would not know what 10,000 hours spent doing homework means because they have no idea of the distribution of scores of potential workers in the population on this attribute.	1	1		7	0		4	1	“Everyone knows”, assumption that what the writer considers to be right as universal truth.	1
29	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	An important advance in analog computing was the development of the first fire-control systems for long range ship gunlaying. When gunnery ranges increased dramatically in the late 19th century it was no longer a simple matter of calculating the proper aim point, given the flight times of the shells. Various spotters on board the ship would relay distance measures and observations to a central plotting station. There the fire direction teams fed in the location, speed and direction of the ship and its target, as well as various adjustments for Coriolis effect, weather effects on the air, and other adjustments; the computer would then output a firing solution, which would be fed to the turrets for laying. In 1912, British engineer Arthur Pollen developed the first electrically powered mechanical analogue computer (called at the time the Argo Clock).[40] It was used by the Imperial Russian Navy in World War I. The alternative Dreyer Table fire control system was fitted to British capital ships by mid-1916.	1	0		7	0		4	1		0
327	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism	Anarchism	2015	Anarchism continued to influence important literary and intellectual personalities of the time, such as Albert Camus, Herbert Read, Paul Goodman, Dwight Macdonald, Allen Ginsberg, George Woodcock, Leopold Kohr,] Julian Beck, John Cage and the French Surrealist group led by André Breton, which now openly embraced anarchism and collaborated in the Fédération Anarchiste.	1	0		7	1	Imposes the authority of anarchism (which is a good thing but not necessarily antipaternalist.).	4	1		1
333	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism	Social Darwinism	2015	Anarchism is a political philosophy that advocates stateless societies often defined as self-governed voluntary institutions, but that several authors have defined as more specific institutions based on non-hierarchical free associations. Anarchism holds the state to be undesirable, unnecessary, or harmful. While anti-statism is central, anarchism entails opposing authority or hierarchical organisation in the conduct of human relations, including, but not limited to, the state system	1	1		7	-1		4	1		1
293	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism	Anarchism	2015	Anarchism is a political philosophy that advocates stateless societies often defined as self-governed voluntary institutions, but that several authors have defined as more specific institutions based on non-hierarchical free associations. Anarchism holds the state to be undesirable, unnecessary, or harmful. While anti-statism is central, anarchism entails opposing authority or hierarchical organisation in the conduct of human relations, including, but not limited to, the state system.	1	1		7	-1		4	1		1
666	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2162/pg2162.txt	Anarchism and other essays	1910	Anarchism, then, really stands for the liberation of the human mindfrom the dominion of religion; the liberation of the human body fromthe dominion of property; liberation from the shackles and restraintof government. Anarchism stands for a social order based on the freegrouping of individuals for the purpose of producing real socialwealth; an order that will guarantee to every human being free accessto the earth and full enjoyment of the necessities of life, accordingto individual desires, tastes, and inclinations.	1	-1		7	-1		4	1		-1
323	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism	Anarchism	2015	Anarchists in France and Italy were active in the Resistance during World War II. In Germany the anarchist Erich Mühsam was arrested on charges unknown in the early morning hours of 28 February 1933, within a few hours after the Reichstag fire in Berlin. Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi propaganda minister, labelled him as one of "those Jewish subversives." Over the next seventeen months, he would be imprisoned in the concentration camps at Sonnenburg, Brandenburg and finally, Oranienburg. On 2 February 1934, Mühsam was transferred to the concentration camp at Oranienburg when finally on the night of 9 July 1934, Mühsam was tortured and murdered by the guards, his battered corpse found hanging in a latrine the next morning.	1	1		7	-1			0	Seems more factual and I was tired of seeing 1s	d
227	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty	Liberty	2015	Anarcho-Individualists, such as Max Stirner, demanded the utmost respect for the liberty of the individual.	1	-1		7	-1		4	1		-1
328	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism	Anarchism	2015	Anarcho-pacifism became influential in the Anti-nuclear movement and anti war movements of the time as can be seen in the activism and writings of the English anarchist member of Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament Alex Comfort or the similar activism of the American catholic anarcho-pacifists Ammon Hennacy and Dorothy Day. Anarcho-pacifism became a "basis for a critique of militarism on both sides of the Cold War." The resurgence of anarchist ideas during this period is well documented in Robert Graham's Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas, Volume Two: The Emergence of the New Anarchism (1939–1977).	1	-1		7	-1		4	1		-1
102	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining	Mining	2015	Ancient Egyptians mined malachite at Maadi.[4] At first, Egyptians used the bright green malachite stones for ornamentations and pottery. Later, between 2613 and 2494 BC, large building projects required expeditions abroad to the area of Wadi Maghara in order "to secure minerals and other resources not available in Egypt itself."[5] Quarries for turquoise and copper were also found at "Wadi Hamamat, Tura, Aswan and various other Nubian sites"[5] on the Sinai Peninsula and at Timna.	1	0		7	0		4	0		0
603	https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/7300/pg7300.txt	Woman And The Republic	1897	And this leads us right round again to consider the "disabilities foistedupon sex conditions." The first thing demanded of a voter is that, in theordinary state of things, he should be able to vote. A body of citizens isasking that a sex be admitted to franchise when it is known to all that alarge part of that sex would at every election find it physicallyimpossible, or improper, to go to the polls. Suffragists say: "No womenneed vote who do not wish to; but they have no right to hinder us." Isthis the Individualism of Democracy? It is the Individualism of Anarchy.It is not the rule of the majority. It is class rule with a vengeance; andas for "consenting to be governed," there never was a man or a governmentthat so coolly assumed to govern without their consent such a body, as dothe Suffragists. The disabilities "foisted upon sex" would be felt firstof all by the wives and mothers who are most interested in the laws.	1	1		7	1			-1		1
709	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/13176/pg13176.txt	The Abolitionists (Together With Personal Memories Of The Struggle For Human Rights)	1830-1864	Anderson "Bill," 165.	1	x		7	0		4	0		0
675	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2162/pg2162.txt	Anarchism and other essays	1910	Another modern play, THE SERVANT IN THE HOUSE, strikes a vital keyin our social life. The hero of Mr. Kennedy's masterpiece is Robert,a coarse, filthy drunkard, whom respectable society has repudiated.Robert, the sewer cleaner, is the real hero of the play; nay, itstrue and only savior. It is he who volunteers to go down into thedangerous sewer, so that his comrades "can 'ave light and air."After all, has he not sacrificed his life always, so that others mayhave light and air?	1	0		7	-1		4	1	That last question was very much orientated.	d
353	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism	Social Darwinism	2015	Another of these social interpretations of Darwin's biological views, later known as eugenics, was put forth by Darwin's cousin, Francis Galton, in 1865 and 1869. Galton argued that just as physical traits were clearly inherited among generations of people, the same could be said for mental qualities (genius and talent). Galton argued that social morals needed to change so that heredity was a conscious decision in order to avoid both the over-breeding by less fit members of society and the under-breeding of the more fit ones.	1	0		7	0		4	-1		0
234	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choice	Choice	2015	Another way of looking at decisions focuses on the thought mechanism used, is the decision:[4] Rational Intuitive Recognition based Combination	1	0		7	-1	Emphasises that there are alternative ways to look at decisions.	4	-1	Suggesting an alternative	-1
256	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage	Sabotage	2015	Any unexplained adverse condition might be sabotage. Sabotage is sometimes called tampering, meddling, tinkering, malicious pranks, malicious hacking, a practical joke or the like to avoid needing to invoke legal and organizational requirements for addressing sabotage.	1	-1		7	-1		4	-1		-1
700	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/13176/pg13176.txt	The Abolitionists (Together With Personal Memories Of The Struggle For Human Rights)	1830-1864	APPENDIX	1	x		7	0		4	0		0
12	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	Around 1820, Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar created what would over the rest of the century become the first successful, mass-produced mechanical calculator, the Thomas Arithmometer. It could be used to add and subtract, and with a moveable carriage the operator could also multiply, and divide by a process of long multiplication and long division.[18] It utilised a stepped drum similar in conception to that invented by Leibniz. Mechanical calculators remained in use until the 1970s.	1	0		7	0		4	0		0
331	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism	Anarchism	2015	Around the turn of the 21st century, anarchism grew in popularity and influence as part of the anti-war, anti-capitalist, and anti-globalisation movements. Anarchists became known for their involvement in protests against the meetings of the World Trade Organization (WTO), Group of Eight, and the World Economic Forum. Some anarchist factions at these protests engaged in rioting, property destruction, and violent confrontations with police. These actions were precipitated by ad hoc, leaderless, anonymous cadres known as black blocs; other organisational tactics pioneered in this time include security culture, affinity groups and the use of decentralised technologies such as the internet. A significant event of this period was the confrontations at WTO conference in Seattle in 1999. According to anarchist scholar Simon Critchley, "contemporary anarchism can be seen as a powerful critique of the pseudo-libertarianism of contemporary neo-liberalism ... One might say that contemporary anarchism is about responsibility, whether sexual, ecological or socio-economic; it flows from an experience of conscience about the manifold ways in which the West ravages the rest; it is an ethical outrage at the yawning inequality, impoverishment and disenfranchisment that is so palpable locally and globally.	1	-1		7	-1		4	-1	The writer gives me the possibility to think by myself by attributing opinions to whom they belong to and presenting them as such.	-1
289	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage	Sabotage	2015	Arquilla and Rondfeldt, in their work entitled Networks and Netwars, differentiate their definition of "netwar" from a list of "trendy synonyms," including "cybotage," a portmanteau from the words "sabotage" and "cyber." They dub the practitioners of cybotage "cyboteurs" and note while all cybotage is not netwar, some netwar is cybotage.[24]	1	0		7	0		4	-1		0
223	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty	Liberty	2015	Article 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that "Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security of person."	1	-1		7	1	Human rights have to be imposed from above.	4	0		d
153	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry	Textile Industry	2015	Artificial fibres can be made by extruding a polymer, through a spinneret into a medium where it hardens. Wet spinning (rayon) uses a coagulating medium. In dry spinning (acetate and triacetate), the polymer is contained in a solvent that evaporates in the heated exit chamber. In melt spinning (nylons and polyesters) the extruded polymer is cooled in gas or air and then sets.[3] All these fibres will be of great length, often kilometers long.	1	0		7	0		4	0		0
154	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry	Textile Industry	2015	Artificial fibres can be processed as long fibres or batched and cut so they can be processed like a natural fibre.	1	0		7	0		4	0		0
239	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choice	Choice	2015	As a moral principle, decisions should be made by those most affected by the decision, but this is not normally applied to persons in jail, who might likely make a decision other than to remain in jail.[7] Robert Gates cited this principle in allowing photographs of returning war dead.[8]	1	-1	18h15	7	0		4	1		d
242	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choice	Choice	2015	As a result, evaluability can cause preference reversals between joint and separate evaluations. For example, Hsee, George Loewenstein, Blount & Bazerman (1999)[9] looked at how people choose between options when they are directly compared because they are presented at the same time or when they cannot be compared because one is only given a single option. The canonical example is a hiring decision made about two candidates being hired for a programming job. Subjects in an experiment were asked to give a starting salary to two candidates, Candidate J and Candidate S. However, some viewed both candidates at the same time (joint evaluation), whereas others only viewed one candidate (separate evaluation). Candidate J had experience of 70 KY programs, and a GPA of 2.5, whereas Candidate S had experience of 10 KY programs and a GPA of 3.9. The results showed that in joint evaluation both candidates received roughly the same starting salary from subjects, who apparently thought a low GPA but high experience was approximately equal to a high GPA but low experience. However, in the separate evaluation, subjects paid Candidate S, the one with the high GPA, substantially more money. The explanation for this is that KY programs is an attribute that is difficult to evaluate and thus people cannot base their judgment on this attribute in separate evaluation.				7	0		4	0		0
294	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism	Anarchism	2015	As a subtle and anti-dogmatic philosophy, anarchism draws on many currents of thought and strategy. Anarchism does not offer a fixed body of doctrine from a single particular world view, instead fluxing and flowing as a philosophy. There are many types and traditions of anarchism, not all of which are mutually exclusive. Anarchist schools of thought can differ fundamentally, supporting anything from extreme individualism to complete collectivism. Strains of anarchism have often been divided into the categories of social and individualist anarchism or similar dual classifications. Anarchism is usually considered a radical left-wing ideology, and much of anarchist economics and anarchist legal philosophy reflect anti-authoritarian interpretations of communism, collectivism, syndicalism, mutualism, or participatory economics.				7	-1		4	1		d
463	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/33944/pg33944.txt	How to Observe Morals and Manners	1838	As an instance of the advantage which a philosophical traveller has overan unprepared one, look at the difference which will enter into a man'sjudgment of nations, according as he carries about with him the vaguepopular notion of a Moral Sense, or has investigated the laws underwhich feelings of right and wrong grow up in all men. It is worth whileto dwell a little on this important point.				7	0		4			d
118	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining	Mining	2015	As new areas were explored, it was usually the gold (placer and then load) and then silver that were taken first, with other metals often waiting for railroads or canals. Coarse gold dust and nuggets do not require smelting and are easy to identify and transport.[17]				7	0		4	0		0
299	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism	Anarchism	2015	As part of the political turmoil of the 1790s in the wake of the French Revolution, William Godwin developed the first expression of modern anarchist thought. Godwin was, according to Peter Kropotkin, "the first to formulate the political and economical conceptions of anarchism, even though he did not give that name to the ideas developed in his work", while Godwin attached his anarchist ideas to an early Edmund Burke.				7	-1					p
121	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining	Mining	2015	As the 21st century begins, a globalized mining industry of large multinational corporations has arisen. Peak minerals and environmental impacts have also become a concern. Different elements, particularly rare earth minerals, have begun to increase in demand as a result of new technologies.				7	0					p
147	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marissa_Mayer&printable=yes	Marissa Mayer	2015	As well as sitting on the boards of directors of Walmart, Jawbone, and Yahoo! Mayer also sits on several non-profit boards such as Cooper–Hewitt, National Design Museum, New York City Ballet, San Francisco Ballet, and San Francisco Museum of Modern Art.[63][64][65][66] Mayer actively invests in technology companies, including crowd-sourced design retailer Minted,[67][68] live video platform Airtime,[68] wireless power startup uBeam,[68] online DIY community/e-commerce company Brit + Co.,[68][69] mobile payments processor Square,[68] home décor site One Kings Lane,[68][70] and genetic testing company Natera.[68]				7	0					p
205	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page	Larry Page	2015	At a March 2014 TED conference, Page explained that corporations largely get a "bad rap", which he stated was because they were probably doing the same incremental things they were doing "20 years ago". He went on to juxtapose that kind of incremental approach to his vision of Google counteracting calcification through driving technology innovation at a high rate. Page mentioned Elon Musk and SpaceX:"He [Musk] wants to go to Mars to back up humanity. That’s a worthy goal. We have a lot of employees at Google who’ve become pretty wealthy. You’re working because you want to change the world and make it better... I’d like for us to help out more than we are."[57]				7	1	Suggests that it is the rich who can contribute to the advancement of humanity.				p
718	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/13176/pg13176.txt	The Abolitionists (Together With Personal Memories Of The Struggle For Human Rights)	1830-1864	At Lincoln's instance Congress appropriated several large sums ofmoney--then much needed in warlike operations--for colonizingexperiments. One of these has a curious and somewhat pathetic history.A sharper by the name of Koch, having worked himself into theconfidence of the President and some other good people, got them tobuy from him an island in the West Indies, called Ile a'Vache, whichhe represented to be a veritable earthly paradise. Strangely enough,it was wholly uninhabited, and therefore ready for the uses of acolony. Several hundred people--colored, of course--were collected,put aboard a ship, and dumped upon this unknown land. It willsurprise no one to learn that pretty soon these people, poisoned bymalaria, stung by venomous insects and reptiles, and having scarcelyanything to eat, were dying like cattle with the murrain. In the end aship was sent to bring back the survivors.				7	0					p
181	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry	Textile Industry	2015	At the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Uruguay Round, it was decided to bring the textile trade under the jurisdiction of the World Trade Organization (WTO). The WTO Agreement on Textiles and Clothing provided for the gradual dismantling of the quotas that existed under the MFA. This process was completed on 1 January 2005. However, large tariffs remain in place on many textile products.				7	1					p
201	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page	Larry Page	2015	At the question-and-answer section of the 2013 Google I/O keynote talk, Larry Page expressed an interest in Burning Man.[43] Page is an investor in Tesla Motors.[44] He has invested in renewable energy technology, and with the help of Google.org, Google's philanthropic arm, promotes the adoption of plug-in hybrid electric cars and other alternative energy investments.[15]				7	1	Rich men solving everybody elses’ problems.				p
81	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	At the University of Manchester, a team under the leadership of Tom Kilburn designed and built a machine using the newly developed transistors instead of valves. Initially the only devices available were germanium point-contact transistors, less reliable than the valves they replaced but which consumed far less power.[102] Their first transistorised computer and the first in the world, was operational by 1953,[103] and a second version was completed there in April 1955.[104] The 1955 version used 200 transistors, 1,300 solid-state diodes, and had a power consumption of 150 watts. However, the machine did make use of valves to generate its 125 kHz clock waveforms and in the circuitry to read and write on its magnetic drum memory, so it was not the first completely transistorized computer.				7	0					p
182	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry	Textile Industry	2015	Bangladesh was expected to suffer the most from the ending of the MFA, as it was expected to face more competition, particularly from China. However, this was not the case. It turns out that even in the face of other economic giants, Bangladesh’s labor is “cheaper than anywhere else in the world.” While some smaller factories were documented making pay cuts and layoffs, most downsizing was essentially speculative – the orders for goods kept coming even after the MFA expired. In fact, Bangladesh's exports increased in value by about $500 million in 2006.[23]				7	-1					p
683	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2162/pg2162.txt	Anarchism and other essays	1910	Barrack life further tends to develop tendencies of sexualperversion. It is gradually producing along this line resultssimilar to European military conditions. Havelock Ellis, the notedwriter on sex psychology, has made a thorough study of the subject.I quote: "Some of the barracks are great centers of maleprostitution.... The number of soldiers who prostitute themselvesis greater than we are willing to believe. It is no exaggeration tosay that in certain regiments the presumption is in favor of thevenality of the majority of the men.... On summer evenings HydePark and the neighborhood of Albert Gate are full of guardsmen andothers plying a lively trade, and with little disguise, in uniform orout.... In most cases the proceeds form a comfortable addition toTommy Atkins' pocket money."				7	0					p
191	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page	Larry Page	2015	Battelle further described how Page and Brin began working together on the project: At the time Page conceived of BackRub, the Web comprised an estimated 10 million documents, with an untold number of links between them. The computing resources required to crawl such a beast were well beyond the usual bounds of a student project. Unaware of exactly what he was getting into, Page began building out his crawler. The idea's complexity and scale lured Brin to the job. A polymath who had jumped from project to project without settling on a thesis topic, he found the premise behind BackRub fascinating. "I talked to lots of research groups" around the school, Brin recalls, "and this was the most exciting project, both because it tackled the Web, which represents human knowledge, and because I liked Larry."[17]				7	0					p
2	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	Before the 20th century, most calculations were done by humans. Early mechanical tools to help humans with digital calculations were called "calculating machines", by proprietary names, or even as they are now, calculators. The machine operator was called the computer.				7	0					p
396	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4557/pg4557.txt	The Idea Of Progress	1920	Beneath all philosophical speculation there is an undercurrent ofemotion, and in the French philosophers of the eighteenth century thisemotional force was strong and even violent. They aimed at practicalresults. Their work was a calculated campaign to transform theprinciples and the spirit of governments and to destroy sacerdotalism.The problem for the human race being to reach a state of felicity by itsown powers, these thinkers believed that it was soluble by the gradualtriumph of reason over prejudice and knowledge over ignorance. Violentrevolution was far from their thoughts; by the diffusion of knowledgethey hoped to create a public opinion which would compel governments tochange the tenor of their laws and administration and make the happinessof the people their guiding principle. The optimistic confidence thatman is perfectible, which means capable of indefinite improvement,inspired the movement as a whole, however greatly particular thinkersmight differ in their views.				7	-1					p
498	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22306/pg22306.txt	Human Traits and their Social Significance	1920	Both the consciousness of self which most men experienceand the overt expression of that selfhood in act are thus seento be a more or less direct reflex of the praise and blame of thegroups with which they are in contact. Men learn fromexperience with the praise and blame of others to "place"themselves socially, to discover in the mirror of other men'sopinions the status and locus of their own lives. As we shallsee in a succeeding section, the degree of satisfaction whichmen experience in their consciousness of themselves is dependentintimately on the praise and blame by which theirselfhood is, in the first place, largely determined. In thechapter on the "Social Nature of Man," we examined in somedetail the way in which praise and blame modified a man'shabits. The total result of this process is to give a man acertain fixed set of overt habits that constitute his character anda more or less fixed consciousness of that character.				7	x	I don’t understand this paragraph.				p
720	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/13176/pg13176.txt	The Abolitionists (Together With Personal Memories Of The Struggle For Human Rights)	1830-1864	Buffum, Arnold, 201, 203.				7	0					p
384	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4557/pg4557.txt	The Idea Of Progress	1920	But all this applies only to scientific studies, like mathematics,physics, and medicine, which depend partly on correct reasoning andpartly on experience. Methods of reasoning improve slowly, and the mostimportant advance which has been made in the present age is the methodinaugurated by Descartes. Before him reasoning was loose; he introduceda more rigid and precise standard, and its influence is not onlymanifest in our best works on physics and philosophy, but is evendiscernible in books on ethics and religion.				7	0					p
588	https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/7300/pg7300.txt	Woman And The Republic	1897	But all this is subordinate to the real, vital question. In the passagesjust quoted, the writers make an error that is made so persistently by allSuffragists whenever the argument of force is alluded to, that it seemsnecessary to repeat the explanation. They assume that this argument,briefly stated, is: The men do the fighting, therefore they ought to berewarded with the ballot. That is _not_ the argument; it is no matter ofreward. The argument, briefly stated, is this: Stability is one of thehighest virtues that any government can possess, and perhaps the mostnecessary. It can have no stability if it issues decrees that it cannotenforce. The only way to avoid such decrees is, to make sure that behindevery law and every policy adopted stands a power so great that no powerin the land can overthrow it. The only such power possible consists of amajority of the men. Therefore, the only safe thing for the Government todo is, to carry out the ascertained will of a majority of the men. Thisdoes not always secure ideally good laws, but it does secure stability andavoids revolution. The majority may blunder; but they are the only powerthat can correct their own blunders.				7	1	Implies that men alone do the violence, not supported by back country – and of course that women could not do that voilence. Various other problems could be noted but these are more then enough justification.				p
378	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4557/pg4557.txt	The Idea Of Progress	1920	But Bodin had a much wider range of thought than Machiavelli, whose mindwas entirely concentrated on the theory of politics; and his importancefor us lies not in the political speculations by which he sought toprove that monarchy is the best form of government [Footnote: Les sixlivres de la Republique, 1576.], but in his attempt to substitute a newtheory of universal history for that which prevailed in the Middle Ages.He rejected the popular conception of a golden age and a subsequentdegeneration of mankind; and he refuted the view, generally currentamong medieval theologians, and based on the prophecies of Daniel, whichdivided the course of history into four periods corresponding to theBabylonian Persian, Macedonian, and Roman monarchies, the last of whichwas to endure till the day of Judgement. Bodin suggests a division intothree great periods: the first, of about two thousand years, in whichthe South-Eastern peoples were predominant; the second, of the sameduration, in which those whom he calls the Middle (Mediterranean)peoples came to the front; the third, in which the Northern nationswho overthrew Rome became the leaders in civilisation. Each period isstamped by the psychological character of the three racial groups. Thenote of the first is religion, of the second practical sagacity, of thethird warfare and inventive skill. This division actually anticipatesthe synthesis of Hegel. [Footnote: Hegel's division is (1) the Oriental,(2) a, the Greek, b, the Roman, and (3) the Germanic worlds.] But theinteresting point is that it is based on anthropological considerations,in which climate and geography are taken into account; and,notwithstanding the crudeness of the whole exposition and the intrusionof astrological arguments, it is a new step in the study of universalhistory. [Footnote: Climates and geography. The fullest discussionwill be found in the Republique, Book v. cap. i. Here Bodin anticipatedMontesquieu. There was indeed nothing new in the principle; it had beenrecognised by Hippocrates, Plato, Aristotle, Polybius, and other Greeks,and in a later age by Roger Bacon.				7	0					p
405	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4557/pg4557.txt	The Idea Of Progress	1920	But Comte says for the metaphysical spirit in France that with all itsvices it was more disengaged from the prejudices of the old theologicalregime, and nearer to a true rational positivism than either the Germanmysticism or the English empiricism of the same period.				7	0					p
390	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4557/pg4557.txt	The Idea Of Progress	1920	But his speculations were particularly compromised by his beliefin astrology, which, notwithstanding the efforts of humanists likePetrarch, Aeneas Sylvius, and Pico to discredit it, retained itshold over the minds of many eminent, otherwise emancipated, thinkersthroughout the period of the Renaissance. [Footnote: Bodin was also afirm believer in sorcery. His La Demonomanie (1578) is a monument ofsuperstition.] Here Bodin is in the company of Machiavelli and LordBacon. But not content with the doctrine of astral influence on humanevents, he sought another key to historical changes in the influence ofnumbers, reviving the ideas of Pythagoras and Plato, but working themout in a way of his own. He enumerates the durations of the lives ofmany famous men, to show that they can be expressed by powers of 7 and9, or the product of these numbers. Other numbers which have specialvirtues are the powers of 12, the perfect number [Footnote: I.e. anumber equal to the sum of all its factors.] 496, and various others.He gives many examples to prove that these mystic numbers determine thedurations of empires and underlie historical chronology. For instance,the duration of the oriental monarchies from Ninus to the Conquest ofPersia by Alexander the Great was 1728 (= 12 cubed) years. He gives theRoman republic from the foundation of Rome to the battle of Actium 729(=9 cubed) years. [Footnote: Methodus, cap. v. pp. 265 sqq.]				7	0					p
497	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22306/pg22306.txt	Human Traits and their Social Significance	1920	But theology, in the more spiritualistic religions, has alwaysinsisted on the primacy of God's goodness. There hasbeen, therefore, in certain theological quarters the tendencyto surrender the conception of divine omnipotence in the faceof the genuine human evils that are among the fruits of blindmechanical forces. The idea of a finite God who is infinitelygood in his intentions, but limited in his powers, has beenadvocated by such various types of mind as John Stuart Mill,William James, and H. G. Wells. The first mentioned ofthese writes:										n
573	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8077/pg8077.txt	The Mind in the Making: The Relation of Intelligence to Social Reform	1921	But there was one group of Greek thinkers whose general notions ofnatural operations correspond in a striking manner to the conclusionsof the most recent science. These were the Epicureans. Democritus wasin no way a modern experimental scientist, but he met the Eleaticmetaphysics with another set of speculative considerations whichhappened to be nearer what is now regarded as the truth than theirs.He rejected the Eleatic decisions against the reality of space andmotion on the ground that, since motion obviously took place, the voidmust be a reality, even if the metaphysician could not conceive it. Hehit upon the notion that all things were composed of minute,indestructible particles (or atoms) of fixed kinds. Given motion andsufficient time, these might by fortuitous concourse make all possiblecombinations. And it was one of these combinations which we call theworld as we find it. For the atoms of various shapes were inherentlycapable of making up all material things, even the soul of man and thegods themselves. There was no permanence anywhere; all was no morethan the shifting accidental and fleeting combinations of thepermanent atoms of which the cosmos was composed. This doctrine wasaccepted by the noble Epicurus and his school and is delivered to usin the immortal poem of Lucretius "On the Nature of Things".										n
519	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/29508/pg29508.txt	The Ethics of Cooperation	1918	But we also apply the term "competition" to rivalry in which there isno common purpose; to contests in which there is no intention tocontinue or repeat the match, and in which no rules control. Weedscompete with flowers and crowd them out. The factory competes with thehand loom and banishes it. The trust competes with the small firm andputs it out of business. The result is monopoly. When plants orinventions are thus said to compete for a place, there is frequently noroom for both competitors, and no social gain by keeping both in thefield. Competition serves here sometimes as a method of selection,although no one would decide to grow weeds rather than flowers becauseweeds are more efficient. In the case of what are called naturalmonopolies, there is duplication of effort instead of coöperation.Competition is here wasteful. But when we have to do, not with aspecific product, or with a fixed field such as that of street railwaysor city lighting, but with the open field of invention and service, weneed to provide for continuous coöperation, and competition seems atleast one useful agency. To retain this, we frame rules against "unfaircompetition." As the rules of sport are designed to place a premiumupon certain kinds of strength and skill which make a good game, so therules of fair competition are designed to secure efficiency for publicservice, and to exclude efficiency in choking or fouling. In unfaircompetition there is no common purpose of public service or ofadvancing skill or invention; hence, no coöperation. The coöperativepurpose or result is thus the test of useful, as contrasted withwasteful or harmful, competition.										n
545	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/29508/pg29508.txt	The Ethics of Cooperation	1918	But we also apply the term "competition" to rivalry in which there isno common purpose; to contests in which there is no intention tocontinue or repeat the match, and in which no rules control. Weedscompete with flowers and crowd them out. The factory competes with thehand loom and banishes it. The trust competes with the small firm andputs it out of business. The result is monopoly. When plants orinventions are thus said to compete for a place, there is frequently noroom for both competitors, and no social gain by keeping both in thefield. Competition serves here sometimes as a method of selection,although no one would decide to grow weeds rather than flowers becauseweeds are more efficient. In the case of what are called naturalmonopolies, there is duplication of effort instead of coöperation.Competition is here wasteful. But when we have to do, not with aspecific product, or with a fixed field such as that of street railwaysor city lighting, but with the open field of invention and service, weneed to provide for continuous coöperation, and competition seems atleast one useful agency. To retain this, we frame rules against "unfaircompetition." As the rules of sport are designed to place a premiumupon certain kinds of strength and skill which make a good game, so therules of fair competition are designed to secure efficiency for publicservice, and to exclude efficiency in choking or fouling. In unfaircompetition there is no common purpose of public service or ofadvancing skill or invention; hence, no coöperation. The coöperativepurpose or result is thus the test of useful, as contrasted withwasteful or harmful, competition.										n
662	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2162/pg2162.txt	Anarchism and other essays	1910	But what about human nature? Can it be changed? And if not, will itendure under Anarchism?										n
417	https://www.gutenberg.org/files/31529/31529-0.txt	Modern Marriage and How To Bear It	1908	But whether she has a home with her parents or not, every normal womanlongs for a home of her own, and a girl who resents even arranging theflowers on her mother’s dinner-table will after marriage cheerfully doquite distasteful housework in the place she calls her own.										n
602	https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/7300/pg7300.txt	Woman And The Republic	1897	But, it might be said, "Utah did insert such a clause into herconstitution, and so could other States. It is, after all, common sensethat rules, and men can legislate what they please." The law passed byUtah, which provided that "male voters must be tax-payers, while femalevoters need not be," was decided to be unconstitutional, and this one alsomay well be. At the end of Utah's Constitution, as of every other, and ofevery bill that is passed, occurs or is understood something like thissentence from the United States Constitution: "The Congress shall havepower to enforce this article by appropriate legislation." Is it the"appropriate legislation" that gives to Congress, or to any other body,the power to enforce the article decided upon by a majority? We know thatit is not. It is the men who can enforce it if it is disobeyed. Every daywe see that some laws are "dead letters," not because the legislationappropriate to their enforcement was not perfect, but because they are notenforced. When Mr. Roosevelt became Chairman of the Police Commissionthere had been for some time a bill, duly legislated, for the enforcementof the Sunday closing of liquor saloons in New York city. But the saloonshad not been closed. Mr. Roosevelt summoned the police, and proceeded toenforce the law. If they had refused, the militia stood behind them. Doyou say, "Very well, if Miss Willard had been Chairman of theCommissioners she could have done the same." There would have been thisgreat difference. Mr. Roosevelt himself was as much subject to serve atthe call of the law, as were the policemen. He was not a dictator merely,he was part and parcel of the strength that he invoked. The reason forobedience rested on the same ground in each case--service in which eachstood equal. It is a specious form of mistake to suppose that "men canlegislate just what they wish to." They can legislate only what themajority decrees, and they can legislate effectively only what they havepower to enforce. Had the saloon-keepers refused to obey Miss Willard, notshe, but Mr. Roosevelt and other men would have had to enforce the law.										n
684	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2162/pg2162.txt	Anarchism and other essays	1910	Buwalda gave to his country the best years of his life and his verymanhood. But all that was as nothing. Patriotism is inexorable and,like all insatiable monsters, demands all or nothing. It does notadmit that a soldier is also a human being, who has a right to hisown feelings and opinions, his own inclinations and ideas. No,patriotism can not admit of that. That is the lesson which Buwaldawas made to learn; made to learn at a rather costly, though not at auseless, price. When he returned to freedom, he had lost hisposition in the army, but he regained his self-respect. After all,that is worth three years of imprisonment.										n
15	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	By 1920, electro-mechanical tabulating machines could add, subtract and print accumulated totals.[21] Machines were programmed by inserting dozens of wire jumpers into removable control panels. When the United States instituted Social Security in 1935, IBM punched card systems were used to process records of 26 million workers.[22] Punch cards became ubiquitous in industry and government for accounting and administration.										n
76	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	By 1954, magnetic core memory was rapidly displacing most other forms of temporary storage, including the Williams tube. It went on to dominate the field through the mid-1970s.[96]										n
370	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism	Social Darwinism	2015	By the 1920s, social Darwinism found expression in the promotion of eugenics by the Chinese sociologist Pan Guangdan. When Chiang Kai-shek started the New Life movement in 1934, he . . . harked back to theories of Social Darwinism, writing that "only those who readapt themselves to new conditions, day by day, can live properly. When the life of a people is going through this process of readaptation, it has to remedy its own defects, and get rid of those elements which become useless. Then we call it new life."										n
32	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	By the 1950s the success of digital electronic computers had spelled the end for most analog computing machines, but hybrid analog computers, controlled by digital electronics, remained in substantial use into the 1950s and 1960s, and later in some specialized applications.										n
17	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	By the 20th century, earlier mechanical calculators, cash registers, accounting machines, and so on were redesigned to use electric motors, with gear position as the representation for the state of a variable. The word "computer" was a job title assigned to people who used these calculators to perform mathematical calculations. By the 1920s, British scientist Lewis Fry Richardson's interest in weather prediction led him to propose human computers and numerical analysis to model the weather; to this day, the most powerful computers on Earth are needed to adequately model its weather using the Navier–Stokes equations.[26]										n
175	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry	Textile Industry	2015	By the early 20th century, the industry in the developed world often involved immigrants in "sweat shops", which were usually legal but were sometimes illegally operated. They employed people in crowded conditions, working manual sewing machines, and being paid less than a living wage. This trend worsened due to attempts to protect existing industries which were being challenged by developing countries in South East Asia, the Indian subcontinent and Central America. Although globalization saw the manufacturing largely outsourced to overseas labor markets, there has been a trend for the areas historically associated with the trade to shift focus to the more white collar associated industries of fashion design, fashion modeling and retail. Areas historically involved heavily in the "rag trade" include London and Milan in Europe, and the SoHo district in New York City.										n
176	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry	Textile Industry	2015	By the late 1980s, the apparel segment was no longer the largest market for fibre products, with industrial and home furnishings together representing a larger proportion of the fibre market.[19] Industry integration and global manufacturing led to many small firms closing for good during the 1970s and 1980s in the United States; during those decades, 95 percent of the looms in North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia shut down, and Alabama and Virginia also saw many factories close.[19]										n
427	https://www.gutenberg.org/files/31529/31529-0.txt	Modern Marriage and How To Bear It	1908	By way of illustration, I will quote two real conversations I heard notlong ago. The first was between a young couple, Pelleas and Nicolette,who had recently started housekeeping on a small income. They had beengiving an afternoon party, and all the guests had left but me. (I am aprivileged person, as you must have noticed; nobody minds being naturalbefore me.)										n
83	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	CADET used 324 point-contact transistors provided by the UK company Standard Telephones and Cables; 76 junction transistors were used for the first stage amplifiers for data read from the drum, since point-contact transistors were too noisy. From August 1956 CADET was offering a regular computing service, during which it often executed continuous computing runs of 80 hours or more.[108][109] Problems with the reliability of early batches of point contact and alloyed junction transistors meant that the machine's mean time between failures was about 90 minutes, but this improved once the more reliable bipolar junction transistors became available.[110]										n
661	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2162/pg2162.txt	Anarchism and other essays	1910	Can anyone assume for a moment that a man like Ferrer would affiliatehimself with such a spontaneous, unorganized effort? Would he nothave known that it would result in a defeat, a disastrous defeat forthe people? And is it not more likely that if he would have takenpart, he, the experienced ENTREPRENEUR, would have thoroughlyorganized the attempt? If all other proofs were lacking, that onefactor would be sufficient to exonerate Francisco Ferrer. But thereare others equally convincing.										n
263	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage	Sabotage	2015	Certain groups turn to destruction of property to stop environmental destruction or to make visible arguments against forms of modern technology they consider detrimental to the environment. The U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and other law enforcement agencies use the term eco-terrorist when applied to damage of property. Proponents argue that since property can not feel terror, damage to property is more accurately described as sabotage. Opponents, by contrast, point out that property owners and operators can indeed feel terror. The image of the monkey wrench thrown into the moving parts of a machine to stop it from working was popularized by Edward Abbey in the novel The Monkey Wrench Gang and has been adopted by eco-activists to describe destruction of earth damaging machinery.										n
593	https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/7300/pg7300.txt	Woman And The Republic	1897	CHAPTER III.										n
20	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	Charles Babbage, an English mechanical engineer and polymath, originated the concept of a programmable computer. Considered the "father of the computer",[30] he conceptualized and invented the first mechanical computer in the early 19th century. After working on his revolutionary difference engine, designed to aid in navigational calculations, in 1833 he realized that a much more general design, an Analytical Engine, was possible. The input of programs and data was to be provided to the machine via punched cards, a method being used at the time to direct mechanical looms such as the Jacquard loom. For output, the machine would have a printer, a curve plotter and a bell. The machine would also be able to punch numbers onto cards to be read in later. It employed ordinary base-10 fixed-point arithmetic.										n
252	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choice	Choice	2015	Choice architecture is the process of encouraging people to make good choices through grouping and ordering the decisions in a way that maximizes successful choices and minimizes the number of people who become so overwhelmed by complexity that they abandon the attempt to choose. Generally, success is improved by presenting the smaller or simpler choices first, and by choosing and promoting sensible default options.[24]										n
230	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choice	Choice	2015	Choice involves mentally making a decision: judging the merits of multiple options and selecting one or more of them. One can make a choice between imagined options ("what would I do if ...?") or between real options followed by the corresponding action. For example, a traveller might choose a route for a journey based on the preference of arriving at a given destination as soon as possible. The preferred (and therefore chosen) route can then follow from information such as the length of each of the possible routes, traffic conditions, etc. If the arrival at a choice includes more complex motivators, cognition, instinct and feeling can become more intertwined.										n
253	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choice	Choice	2015	Choices, especially choices made by consumers, may carry symbolic meaning and speak to a person's self-identity. In general, the more utilitarian an item, the less the choice says about a person's self-concept. Purely utilitarian items, such as a fire extinguisher, may be chosen solely for function, but non-utilitarian items, such as music, clothing fashions, or home decorations, represent choices made with the person's identity in mind.[25]										n
620	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1228/pg1228.txt	On the Origin of species	1859	CIRCUMSTANCES FAVOURABLE TO NATURAL SELECTION.										n
257	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage	Sabotage	2015	Claimed explanations include: That it derives from the Netherlands now Belgium in the 15th century, when workers would throw their sabots (wooden shoes) into the wooden gears of the textile looms to break the cogs, fearing the automated machines would render the human workers obsolete. That it derives from the French sabot (a wooden shoe or clog) via its derivative saboter (to knock with the foot, or work carelessly).[1] Sabot is the French name for the brake on a horse wagon; it was pressed against the outer rim of a wheel to stop the wagon. For the workers it meant slower work. That it derives from the late 19th-century French slang use of the word sabot to describe an unskilled worker, so called due to their wooden clogs or sabots; sabotage was used to describe the poor quality work of such workers.[2]	2	1	“Claimed explanations” triggered this score, and also the 'subjectification' of the statements, putting the source outside of the writers' perspective. In other words: I feel the style is condescending. We discuss with 008 who claims that it is more likely a -1 because the subject is anti-paternalist. I don't agree.	5	1	generalizing into subgroup, classifying the workers as sabotages	8	-1	Grounds up topic re luddite activities – more context needed to denote whether events were anti paternalist	1
51	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	Colossus included the first ever use of shift registers and systolic arrays, enabling five simultaneous tests, each involving up to 100 Boolean calculations, on each of the five channels on the punched tape (although in normal operation only one or two channels were examined in any run). Initially Colossus was only used to determine the initial wheel positions used for a particular message (termed wheel setting). The Mark 2 included mechanisms intended to help determine pin patterns (wheel breaking). Both models were programmable using switches and plug panels in a way the Robinsons had not been.	2	0	I am not sure what to think of this. Might need to come back as soon as I have worked to a few more examples.	5	0	descriptive only	8	-1	Technical technological description	0
50	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	Colossus was able to process 5,000 characters per second with the paper tape moving at 40 ft/s (12.2 m/s; 27.3 mph). Sometimes, two or more Colossus computers tried different possibilities simultaneously in what now is called parallel computing, speeding the decoding process by perhaps as much as double the rate of comparison.	2	1	“what now is called” feels paternalist, like saying: “in the old days, they did not know better.”. The use of “perhaps” adds to the impression.	5	0	descriptive only	8	-1	Technical technological description	d
49	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	Colossus was the world's first electronic digital programmable computer.[38] It used a large number of valves (vacuum tubes). It had paper-tape input and was capable of being configured to perform a variety of boolean logical operations on its data, but it was not Turing-complete. Nine Mk II Colossi were built (The Mk I was converted to a Mk II making ten machines in total). Colossus Mark I contained 1500 thermionic valves (tubes), but Mark II with 2400 valves, was both 5 times faster and simpler to operate than Mark 1, greatly speeding the decoding process. Mark 2 was designed while Mark 1 was being constructed. Allen Coombs took over leadership of the Colossus Mark 2 project when Tommy Flowers moved on to other projects.[67]	2	0	Most of it is facts, but not sure why facts would actually be paternalist or not. Or relying on facts could be? Not sure at all ...	5	0	descriptive only	8	-1	Technical technological description	0
192	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page	Larry Page	2015	Combining their ideas, they began "cramming their dormitory room with cheap computers" and tested their new search engine designs on the web. Their project grew quickly enough "to cause problems for Stanford's computing infrastructure".[21] It soon caught on with other Stanford users when Page and Brin let them try it out. The two set up a simple search page for users, because they did not have a web page developer to create anything very visually elaborate. They also began stringing together the necessary computing power to handle searches by multiple users, by using any computer part they could find. As their search engine grew in popularity among Stanford users, it needed more and more servers to process the queries. "At Stanford we'd stand on the loading dock and try to snag computers as they came in," Page recalled. "We would see who got 20 computers and ask them if they could spare one".[22]	2	0	Tempted to rate anything linked to G**gle paternalist, but resisted this time.	5	0	descriptive only, describing a process of setting up a system	8	-1	Historical account	0
18	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	Companies like Friden, Marchant Calculator and Monroe made desktop mechanical calculators from the 1930s that could add, subtract, multiply and divide.[27] In 1948, the Curta was introduced by Austrian inventor, Curt Herzstark. It was a small, hand-cranked mechanical calculator and as such, a descendant of Gottfried Leibniz's Stepped Reckoner and Thomas's Arithmometer.	2	0	I have no idea.	5	0	descriptive only	8	-1	Technical technological description	0
80	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	Compared to vacuum tubes, transistors have many advantages: they are smaller, and require less power than vacuum tubes, so give off less heat. Silicon junction transistors were much more reliable than vacuum tubes and had longer, indefinite, service life. Transistorized computers could contain tens of thousands of binary logic circuits in a relatively compact space. Transistors greatly reduced computers' size, initial cost, and operating cost. Typically, second-generation computers were composed of large numbers of printed circuit boards such as the IBM Standard Modular System[101] each carrying one to four logic gates or flip-flops.	2	1	While the style of the paragraph is neutral, the subject is not. Why should I be automatically convinced that reliability, shortened service life are better? Meanwhile, 008 proposes to use more unified script for annotations. I don't.	5	0	descriptive only	8	-1	Technical technological description	d
383	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4557/pg4557.txt	The Idea Of Progress	1920	Comte spent the later years of his life in composing another huge work,on social reorganisation. It included a new religion, in which Humanity was the object of worship, but made no other important addition to thespeculations of his earlier manhood, though he developed them further.	2	1	Manhood = humanity? Starting to wonder if for a feminist, paternalism equals badness? 008 tells me I should speed-read ahead, because it will get tougher.	5	1	Comte composed a social reorganisation (including a new religion) for humanity	8	0	Unclear re emphasis and arrangement of religion	1
406	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4557/pg4557.txt	The Idea Of Progress	1920	Condorcet distinguished ten periods of civilisation, of which the tenth lies in the future, but he has not justified his divisions and his epochs are not co-ordinate in importance. Yet his arrangement of the mapof history is remarkable as an attempt to mark its sections not by greatpolitical changes but by important steps in knowledge. The first three periods--the formation of primitive societies, followed by the pastoral age, and the agricultural age--conclude with the invention of alphabetic writing in Greece. The fourth is the history of Greek thought, to the definite division of the sciences in the time of Aristotle. In the fifth knowledge progresses and suffers obscuration under Roman rule, and thesixth is the dark age which continues to the time of the Crusades. Thesignificance of the seventh period is to prepare the human mind for therevolution which would be achieved by the invention of printing, withwhich the eighth period opens. Some of the best pages of the bookdevelop the vast consequences of this invention. The scientificrevolution effected by Descartes begins a new period, which is nowclosed by the creation of the French Republic.	2	1	Descartes at the beginning and the creation of The French Republic as is paternalist too? I am blowing the scales, I think.	5	1	'condorcet distinguished then periods of civilisation' does show already the paternalistic	8	0	Historical account	1
322	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism	Anarchism	2015	Conflicts with European fascist regimes In the 1920s and 1930s, the rise of fascism in Europe transformed anarchism's conflict with the state. Italy saw the first struggles between anarchists and fascists. Italian anarchists played a key role in the anti-fascist organisation Arditi del Popolo, which was strongest in areas with anarchist traditions, and achieved some success in their activism, such as repelling Blackshirts in the anarchist stronghold of Parma in August 1922. The veteran Italian anarchist, Luigi Fabbri, was one of the first critical theorists of fascism, describing it as "the preventive counter-revolution." In France, where the far right leagues came close to insurrection in the February 1934 riots, anarchists divided over a united front policy.	2	-1	Even if this is only a short paragraph, I think it is surprisingly precise and passionately described.	5	0	describing the rise of fascism in whole Europe	8	-1	Anarchy is anti paternalist	-1
329	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism	Anarchism	2015	Contemporary anarchism A surge of popular interest in anarchism occurred in western nations during the 1960s and 1970s. Anarchism was influential in the Counterculture of the 1960s and anarchists actively participated in the late sixties students and workers revolts. In 1968 in Carrara, Italy the International of Anarchist Federations was founded during an international anarchist conference held there in 1968 by the three existing European federations of France (the Fédération Anarchiste), the Federazione Anarchica Italiana of Italy and the Iberian Anarchist Federation as well as the Bulgarian federation in French exile.	2	0	A list of facts. Still not sure about facts, and lists.	5	1	'anarchism was influential in the counterculture' is suggestive	8	-1	Anarchy is anti paternalist	d
532	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/29508/pg29508.txt	The Ethics of Cooperation	1918	Coöperation and competition at first glance may seem more radicallyopposed. For while dominance and coöperation both mean union of forces,competition appears to mean antagonism. _They_ stand for combination;_it_ for exclusion of one by another. Yet a deeper look shows that thisis not true of competition in what we may call its social, ascontrasted with its unsocial, aspect. The best illustration of what Iventure to call social competition is sport. Here is rivalry, and herein any given contest one wins, the other loses, or few win and manylose. But the great thing in sport is not to win; the great thing isthe game, the contest; and the contest is no contest unless thecontestants are so nearly equal as to forbid any certainty in advanceas to which will win. The best sport is found when no one contestantwins too often. There is in reality a common purpose--the zest ofcontest. Players combine and compete to carry out this purpose; and therules are designed so to restrict the competition as to rule outcertain kinds of action and preserve friendly relations. The contendingrivals are in reality uniting to stimulate each other. Without thecoöperation there would be no competition, and the competition is soconducted as to continue the relation. Competition in the world ofthought is similarly social. In efforts to reach a solution of ascientific problem or to discuss a policy, the spur of rivalry or thematching of wits aids the common purpose of arriving at the truth.Similar competition exists in business. Many a firm owes its success tothe competition of its rivals which has forced it to be efficient,progressive. As a manufacturing friend once remarked to me: "When theother man sells cheaper, you generally find he has found out somethingyou don't know."	2	0	This one is hard. I do not agree, but am interested in this ideas that relation and competition are interdependent. 008 tells us he is used to this, he does this for a living. He's already at 239 while 005 and me are still at 211.	5	0	descriptive only	8	0	Description of 'political clashes'	0
553	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8077/pg8077.txt	The Mind in the Making: The Relation of Intelligence to Social Reform	1921	Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check thecopyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributingthis or any other Project Gutenberg eBook.	2	1	Don't tell me what to do.	5	-1	'be sure' is speaking to the current reader only	8	0	Monopoly rights – seperate topic	d
152	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry	Textile Industry	2015	Cotton is the world's most important natural fibre. In the year 2007, the global yield was 25 million tons from 35 million hectares cultivated in more than 50 countries.[1] There are five stages[2]	2	0	Does not apply	5	1	most important?	8	0	Technical textile description	0
290	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage	Sabotage	2015	Counter-sabotage, defined by Webster's dictionary, is "counterintelligence designed to detect and counteract sabotage." The United States Department of Defense definition, found in the Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, is "Action designed to detect and counteract sabotage. See also counterintelligence"	2	0	I don't know, getting tired already.	5	1	declaring a fixed definition	8	0	Managerial military definition	0
534	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/29508/pg29508.txt	The Ethics of Cooperation	1918	Creating the works from public domain print editions means that noone owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States withoutpermission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules,set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply tocopying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works toprotect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. ProjectGutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if youcharge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If youdo not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with therules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purposesuch as creation of derivative works, reports, performances andresearch. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may dopractically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution issubject to the trademark license, especially commercialredistribution.	2	-1	Copyfight breaks patriarchy! [But Stallman is a misogynist]	5	1	redistribution is a framework and ProjectGutenberg's books are restricted by being part of that.	8	0	Monopoly rights - seperate topic	d
335	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism	Social Darwinism	2015	Creationists have often maintained that social Darwinism—leading to policies designed to make the weak perish—is a logical consequence of "Darwinism" (the theory of natural selection in biology). Biologists and historians have stated that this is a fallacy of appeal to nature, since the theory of natural selection is merely intended as a description of a biological phenomenon and should not be taken to imply that this phenomenon is good or that it ought to be used as a moral guide in human society. Social Darwinism owed more to Herbert Spencer's ideas, together with genetics and a Protestant Nonconformist tradition with roots in Hobbes and Malthus, than to Charles Darwin's research. While most scholars recognize some historical links between the popularisation of Darwin's theory and forms of social Darwinism, they also maintain that social Darwinism is not a necessary consequence of the principles of biological evolution	2	-1	Darwinism between quotation marks, meaning that it is being analysed rather than accepted.	5	0	descriptive only	8	0	Socio scientific topic with political economic ramifications – imperfect	0
344	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism	Social Darwinism	2015	Darwin himself gave serious consideration to Galton's work, but considered the ideas of "hereditary improvement" impractical. Aware of weaknesses in his own family, Darwin was sure that families would naturally refuse such selection and wreck the scheme. He thought that even if compulsory registration was the only way to improve the human race, this illiberal idea would be unacceptable, and it would be better to publicize the "principle of inheritance" and let people decide for themselves.	2	1	Natural selection as something you can decide for? Inhereted autonomy? Strange that the description of the paradox goes un-commented. Should be +2	5	-1	'let people decide for themselves' C	8	1	Analysis of individual's history and philosophical outlook	1
361	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism	Social Darwinism	2015	Darwin, unlike Hobbes, believed that this struggle for natural resources allowed individuals with certain physical and mental traits to succeed more frequently than others, and that these traits accumulated in the population over time, which under certain conditions could lead to the descendants being so different that they would be defined as a new species.	2			5	1	'they would be defined as a new Species' C	8	0	Description of competitive outcomes	d
343	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism	Social Darwinism	2015	Despite the fact that social Darwinism bears Charles Darwin's name, it is also linked today with others, notably Herbert Spencer, Thomas Malthus, and Francis Galton, the founder of eugenics. In fact, Spencer was not described as a social Darwinist until the 1930s, long after his death	2			5	-1	specifying the different authors C	8	0	Legacy of socio scientific philosophy	d
4	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	Devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, mostly using one-to-one correspondence with fingers. The earliest counting device was probably a form of tally stick. Later record keeping aids throughout the Fertile Crescent included calculi (clay spheres, cones, etc.) which represented counts of items, probably livestock or grains, sealed in hollow unbaked clay containers.[1][2] The use of counting rods is one example.Nicole also contributed	2	0	“Devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, mostly using one-to-one correspondence with fingers.”. Beautiful sentence! Anyway, start to think like the algorythm I am supposed to build … like: what words, what tone?	5	1	written in multiple abstract categories: 'devices', 'items' W	8	0	Technical technological description	0
594	https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/7300/pg7300.txt	Woman And The Republic	1897	DISTRIBUTION UNDER "PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm"You may distribute copies of this eBook electronically, or bydisk, book or any other medium if you either delete this"Small Print!" and all other references to Project Gutenberg,or:	2	x		5	1	written in the incentive style 'you may' W	8	X	Parsing white noise	x
692	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/13176/pg13176.txt	The Abolitionists (Together With Personal Memories Of The Struggle For Human Rights)	1830-1864	Douglass, Fred., 112.	2	x		5	x		8	X	Parsing white noise	x
188	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page	Larry Page	2015	During an interview, Page recalled his childhood, noting that his house "was usually a mess, with computers, gadgets, tech magazines and Popular Science magazines all over the place". His attraction to computers started when he was 6 years old when he got to "play with the stuff lying around". He became the "first kid in his elementary school to turn in an assignment from a word processor".[15] His older brother also taught him to take things apart and before long he was taking "everything in his house apart to see how it worked". He said that "from a very early age, I also realized I wanted to invent things. So I became really interested in technology and business. Probably from when I was 12, I knew I was going to start a company eventually."[15]	2	1	Portrait of the genius as a young man.	5	-1	part of an interview, so partly written from the first person W	8	0	Tech business individuals history	d
160	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry	Textile Industry	2015	During the late medieval period, cotton began to be imported into northern Europe. Without any knowledge of what it came from, other than that it was a plant, noting its similarities to wool, people in the region could only imagine that cotton must be produced by plant-borne sheep. John Mandeville, writing in 1350, stated as fact the now-preposterous belief: "There grew in India a wonderful tree which bore tiny lambs on the endes of its branches. These branches were so pliable that they bent down to allow the lambs to feed when they are hungry." This aspect is retained in the name for cotton in many European languages, such as German Baumwolle, which translates as "tree wool". By the end of the 16th century, cotton was cultivated throughout the warmer regions of Asia and the Americas.	2	1	“Without any knowledge … they could only imagine”	5	0	descriptive only W	8	0	Technical agricultural history	0
88	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	During the second generation remote terminal units (often in the form of Teleprinters like a Friden Flexowriter) saw greatly increased use.[112] Telephone connections provided sufficient speed for early remote terminals and allowed hundreds of kilometers separation between remote-terminals and the computing center. Eventually these stand-alone computer networks would be generalized into an interconnected network of networks—the Internet.[113]	2	0	N/A ?	5	0	descriptive only, describing machines W	8	0	Technical technological history	0
193	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page	Larry Page	2015	During this time, Page and Brin were running the project out of their dorm rooms at Stanford. Page's room served as the data hub, while Brin's was the business office. But they were reluctant entrepreneurs, not wanting to shelve their Ph.D. studies and join the dot-com rush of the era. In mid-1998 they finally relented. "Pretty soon, we had 10,000 searches a day," Page had recalled. "And we figured, maybe this is really real."	2	1	Portrait of the genius as young men: reluctant at first but soon after they relented, they were succesful	5	-1	interview/biography style W	8	0	Technical technological history	d
291	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage	Sabotage	2015	During World War II, British subject Eddie Chapman, trained by the Germans in sabotage, became a double agent for the British. The German Abwehr entrusted Chapman to destroy the British de Havilland Company's main plant for the manufacture of heavy bombers, but required photographic proof from their agent to verify the mission's completion. A special unit of the Royal Engineers known as the Magic Gang covered the de Havilland plant with canvas panels and scattered papier-mâché furniture and chunks of masonry around three broken and burnt giant generators. Photos of the plant taken from the air reflected devastation for the factory and a successful sabotage mission, and Chapman, as a British sabotage double-agent, fooled the Germans for the duration of the war.[25]	2	0	Nationalism: 1. Glorifying Brits: 1 but paternalism … not sure.	5	0	descriptive only, history W	8	0	History of individual's military and special intelligence activities	0
277	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage	Sabotage	2015	During World War II, the Allies committed sabotage against the Peugeot truck factory. After repeated failures in Allied bombing attempts to hit the factory, a team of French Resistance fighters and Special Operations Executive (SOE) agents distracted the German guards with a game of soccer while part of their team entered the plant and destroyed machinery.[11]	2	0	Nationalism: 1. Glorifying Brits: 1 but paternalism … not sure.	5	0	descriptive only, history W	8	0	Military history	0
46	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	During World War II, the British at Bletchley Park (40 miles north of London) achieved a number of successes at breaking encrypted German military communications. The German encryption machine, Enigma, was first attacked with the help of the electro-mechanical bombes.[60] They ruled out possible Enigma settings by performing chains of logical deductions implemented electrically. Most possibilities led to a contradiction, and the few remaining could be tested by hand.	2	0	Not sure	5	0	descriptive only, history W	8	0	Mathematical/Technological history during war	0
55	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	Early computing machines had fixed programs. For example, a desk calculator is a fixed program computer. It can do basic mathematics, but it cannot be used as a word processor or a gaming console. Changing the program of a fixed-program machine requires re-wiring, re-structuring, or re-designing the machine. The earliest computers were not so much "programmed" as they were "designed". "Reprogramming", when it was possible at all, was a laborious process, starting with flowcharts and paper notes, followed by detailed engineering designs, and then the often-arduous process of physically re-wiring and re-building the machine.[71]	2	0	N/A ? Getting very tired now, and a bit lazy.	5	0	descriptive only, history W	8	0	Technological history	0
67	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	EDSAC ran its first programs on 6 May 1949, when it calculated a table of squares[82] and a list of prime numbers.The EDSAC also served as the basis for the first commercially applied computer, the LEO I, used by food manufacturing company J. Lyons & Co. Ltd. EDSAC 1 and was finally shut down on 11 July 1958, having been superseded by EDSAC 2 which stayed in use until 1965.[83]	2	0	N/A ? Getting very tired now, and a bit lazy.	5	0	descriptive only, history W	8	0	Mathematical/Technological history	0
501	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22306/pg22306.txt	Human Traits and their Social Significance	1920	Education and political organization, the college and thelegislature, however remote they may seem from the randomimpulses to cry and clutch at random objects with which ababy comes into the world, must start from just such materialsas these. The same impulse which prompts a five-year-oldto put blocks into a symmetrical arrangement is the stuffout of which architects or great executives are made.Patriotism and public spirit find their roots back in the sameunlearned impulses which make a baby smile back whensmiled at, and makes it, when a little older, cry if left toolong alone or in a strange place. All the native biologicalimpulses, which are almost literally our birthright, may, whenunderstood, be modified through education, public opinion,and law, and directed in the interests of human ideals.	2	1	Wah. Patriotism is natural?	5	1	the authority of education and political organization C	8	1	Paternalism comparison between nation state and parenting	1
653	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2162/pg2162.txt	Anarchism and other essays	1910	Emancipation should make it possible for woman to be human in thetruest sense. Everything within her that craves assertion andactivity should reach its fullest expression; all artificial barriersshould be broken, and the road towards greater freedom cleared ofevery trace of centuries of submission and slavery.	2	-1	Not comfortable with phrasing such as “the truest sense” but it's about breaking barriers, at least.	5	1	'to be human in the truest sense' c+w	8	-1	Focuses towards anti paternalism 'at all costs'	-1
68	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	ENIAC inventors John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert proposed the EDVAC's construction in August 1944, and design work for the EDVAC commenced at the University of Pennsylvania's Moore School of Electrical Engineering, before the ENIAC was fully operational. The design would implement a number of important architectural and logical improvements conceived during the ENIAC's construction and would incorporate a high speed serial access memory.[84] However, Eckert and Mauchly left the project and its construction floundered.	2	0	Tired	5	0	descriptive only W	8	1	Technological (electronics engineering) history	0
381	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4557/pg4557.txt	The Idea Of Progress	1920	Enough has been said to show that the Progress of humanity belongs tothe same order of ideas as Providence or personal immortality. It istrue or it is false, and like them it cannot be proved either true orfalse. Belief in it is an act of faith.	2	-1	Lets me decide if progress is true or false. Looked at source, but don't know much about the book so benefit of doubt.	5	1	it IS true of false	8	0	Emphasis on philosophy	d
487	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22306/pg22306.txt	Human Traits and their Social Significance	1920	Enthusiasm does not necessarily connote hysteria or sentimentalism.The unstable enthusiast is a familiar type, theman who has another object of eagerness and loyalty eachweek. Mark Twain describes the type in the person of hisbrother, who had a dozen different ambitions a year. Butenthusiasm may be a long-sustained devotion to a single ideal.A curious instance of it was seen in the case of an Armenianscholar who, so it is reported to the writer by a student ofArmenian culture, spent forty years in mastering cuneiformscript in order to prove that the Phrygians were descendedfrom the Armenians, and not _vice versa_.	2	1	Any female enthusiasts? Or are they all hysterical?				8	0	Sociological description	d
318	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism	Anarchism	2015	Expelled American anarchists Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman were amongst those agitating in response to Bolshevik policy and the suppression of the Kronstadt uprising, before they left Russia. Both wrote accounts of their experiences in Russia, criticising the amount of control the Bolsheviks exercised. For them, Bakunin's predictions about the consequences of Marxist rule that the rulers of the new "socialist" Marxist state would become a new elite had proved all too true.	2	0					8	-1	Historical account of anti paternalist individuals during political conflicts	d
158	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry	Textile Industry	2015	Exports of the cotton industry – centered in Lancashire – had grown tenfold during this time, but still accounted for only a tenth of the value of the woolen trade. Before the 17th century, the manufacture of goods was performed on a limited scale by individual workers. This was usually on their own premises (such as weavers' cottages) – and goods were transported around the country. clothiers visited the village with their trains of pack-horses. Some of the cloth was made into clothes for people living in the same area, and a large amount of cloth was exported. Rivers navigations were constructed, and some contour-following canals. In the early 18th century, artisans were inventing ways to become more productive. Silk, wool, fustian, and linen were being eclipsed by cotton, which was becoming the most important textile. This set the foundations for the changes.[5]	2	0					8	1	History of the economic development of textiles	d
486	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22306/pg22306.txt	Human Traits and their Social Significance	1920	Finally in morals men have endeavored to construct forthemselves codes of conduct, ideals of life, in which no possiblegood should be needlessly or recklessly sacrificed, and in whichmen might live together as happily as is permitted by thenature which is at once their life and their habitation. TheCareer of Reason in these various fields we shall briefly traceand describe. We must expect to find, as in any career, howeversuccessful, failures along with the triumphs, and, as inany notable career still unfinished, possibility and greatpromise. Man's reason and imagination have a long past;they have also an indefinite future. Man has in the name ofreason made many errors; but to reason he owes his chiefsuccess, and with increasing experience he may be expectedto attain continually to a more certain and effective wisdom.With these provisos, let us address ourselves to the Career ofReason, beginning with religion.	2	1	Codes of conduct I guess are paternalist; paragraph seems to be in support of them?				8	0	Explains political philosophical framework of text, in context of religion	d
304	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism	Anarchism	2015	First International and the Paris Commune In Europe, harsh reaction followed the revolutions of 1848, during which ten countries had experienced brief or long-term social upheaval as groups carried out nationalist uprisings. After most of these attempts at systematic change ended in failure, conservative elements took advantage of the divided groups of socialists, anarchists, liberals, and nationalists, to prevent further revolt. In Spain Ramón de la Sagra established the anarchist journal El Porvenir in La Coruña in 1845 which was inspired by Proudhon´s ideas. The Catalan politician Francesc Pi i Margall became the principal translator of Proudhon's works into Spanish and later briefly became president of Spain in 1873 while being the leader of the Democratic Republican Federal Party. According to George Woodcock "These translations were to have a profound and lasting effect on the development of Spanish anarchism after 1870, but before that time Proudhonian ideas, as interpreted by Pi, already provided much of the inspiration for the federalist movement which sprang up in the early 1860's." According to the Encyclopedia Britannica "During the Spanish revolution of 1873, Pi y Margall attempted to establish a decentralized, or “cantonalist,” political system on Proudhonian lines."	2	0					8	1	Explains counter revolutions in Europe by paternalist political groupings against progressive political uprisings	d
168	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry	Textile Industry	2015	Firstly, the use of water power to drive mills was supplemented by steam driven water pumps, and then superseded completely by the steam engines. For example Samuel Greg joined his uncle's firm of textile merchants, and, on taking over the company in 1782, he sought out a site to establish a mill.Quarry Bank Mill was built on the River Bollin at Styal in Cheshire. It was initially powered by a water wheel, but installed steam engines in 1810.Quarry Bank Mill in Cheshire still exists as a well preserved museum, having been in use from its construction in 1784 until 1959. It also illustrates how the mill owners exploited child labor, taking orphans from nearby Manchester to work the cotton. It shows that these children were housed, clothed, fed and provided with some education. In 1830, the average power of a mill engine was 48 hp, but Quarry Bank mill installed an new 100 hp water wheel.[10] William Fairbairn addressed the problem of line-shafting and was responsible for improving the efficiency of the mill. In 1815 he replaced the wooden turning shafts that drove the machines at 50rpm, to wrought iron shafting working at 250 rpm, these were a third of the weight of the previous ones and absorbed less power.[10]	2	0					8	-1	Describes exploitation of vulnerable child groups in context of local textile producer	d
25	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	Following Babbage, although unaware of his earlier work, was Percy Ludgate, an accountant from Dublin, Ireland. He independently designed a programmable mechanical computer, which he described in a work that was published in 1909.	2	0					8	0	Mathematical/Technological history	0
663	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2162/pg2162.txt	Anarchism and other essays	1910	For a number of years acts of violence had been committed in Spain,for which the Anarchists were held responsible, hounded like wildbeasts, and thrown into prison. Later it was disclosed that theperpetrators of these acts were not Anarchists, but members of thepolice department. The scandal became so widespread that theconservative Spanish papers demanded the apprehension and punishmentof the gang-leader, Juan Rull, who was subsequently condemned todeath and executed. The sensational evidence, brought to lightduring the trial, forced Police Inspector Momento to exoneratecompletely the Anarchists from any connection with the acts committedduring a long period. This resulted in the dismissal of a number ofpolice officials, among them Inspector Tressols, who, in revenge,disclosed the fact that behind the gang of police bomb throwers wereothers of far higher position, who provided them with funds andprotected them.							8	1	Describes failure of false flag operations to harm anarchist groups, including support of conservative groups re injustice, rehabilitation of defendants and dismissal of responsible officials	p
479	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22306/pg22306.txt	Human Traits and their Social Significance	1920	For he who would proceed rightly in this matter should begin in youth to turn to beautiful forms; and first, if his instructor guide him rightly, he should learn to love one such form only--out of that he should create fair thoughts, and soon he will himself perceive that the beauty of one form is truly related to the beauty of another, and then if beauty in general is his pursuit, how foolish would he be not to recognize that the beauty in every form is one and the same! And when he perceives this he will abate his violent love of the one, which he will despise and deem a small thing, and will become a lover of all beautiful forms; this will lead him on to consider that the beauty of the mind is more honorable than the beauty of the outward form. So that if a virtuous soul have but a little comeliness, he will be content to love and tend him... until his beloved is compelled to contemplate and see the beauty of institutions and laws, and understand that all is of one kindred; and that personal beauty is only a trifle; and after laws and institutions, he will lead him on to the sciences, that he may see their beauty... until at length he grows and waxes strong, and at last the vision is revealed to him of a single science which is the science of beauty everywhere.[l]	2	1					8	0	Explains romantic philosophy	d
183	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry	Textile Industry	2015	For textiles, like for many other products, there are certain national and international standards and regulations that need to be complied with to ensure quality, safety and sustainability.	2	1	Regulations need to be compiled otherwise quality will not be had?				8	0	Regulations and standards do not necessarily denote paternalism	d
260	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage	Sabotage	2015	For the IWW, sabotage came to mean any withdrawal of efficiency — including the slowdown, the strike, working to rule or creative bungling of job assignments.[5]	2	-1	It's a manual for sabotage, almost.				8	0	Economic resistance does not necessarily mean anti-paternalist more context required	d
644	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1228/pg1228.txt	On the Origin of species	1859	Fourthly, how can we account for species, when crossed, being sterileand producing sterile offspring, whereas, when varieties are crossed,their fertility is unimpaired?	2	1	Rhetorical question, in this context.				8	0	Discussion of biological fertility	d
355	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism	Social Darwinism	2015	Friedrich Nietzsche's philosophy addressed the question of artificial selection, yet Nietzsche's principles did not concur with Darwinian theories of natural selection. Nietzsche's point of view on sickness and health, in particular, opposed him to the concept of biological adaptation as forged by Spencer's "fitness". Nietzsche criticized Haeckel, Spencer, and Darwin, sometimes under the same banner by maintaining that in specific cases, sickness was necessary and even helpful.	2	0	Not sure				8	0	Paragraph missing context to fully guarantee relevance to paternalism	0
279	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage	Sabotage	2015	From 1948 to 1960, the Malayan Communists committed numerous effective acts of sabotage against the Malaysian Government, first targeting railway bridges, then hitting larger targets such as military camps. Most of their efforts were centered around crippling Malaysia's economy and involved sabotage against trains, rubber trees, water pipes, and electric lines. The Communist's sabotage efforts were so successful that they caused backlash amongst the Malaysian population, who gradually withdrew support for the Communist movement as their livelihoods became threatened.[19]	2	-1	Interesting assumption that sabotage against government is a good thing.				8	0	Economic resistance does not necessarily mean anti-paternalist more context required	d
269	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage	Sabotage	2015	From the section entitled, "General Devices for Lowering Morale and Creating Confusion" comes the following quintessential simple sabotage advice: "Act stupid."[13]	2	-1	Great advice, funny sentence.				8	-1	Describes passive aggressive technique that plays on paternalist orientated philosophy	-1
246	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choice	Choice	2015	Further research has expanded on choice overload, suggesting that there is a paradox of choice. As increasing options are available, three problems emerge. First, there is the issue of gaining adequate information about the choices in order to make a decision. Second, having more choices leads to an escalation of expectation. When there are increased options, people’s standards for what is an acceptable outcome rise; in other words, choice “spoils you.” Third, with many options available, people may come to believe they are to blame for an unacceptable result because with so many choices, they should have been able to pick the best one. If there is one choice available, and it ends up being disappointing, the world can be held accountable. When there are many options and the choice that one makes is disappointing, the individual is responsible.[17]	2	1	Choice spoils you. Right.							p
307	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism	Anarchism	2015	George Woodcock states: a notable contribution to the activities of the Commune and particularly to the organisation of public services was made by members of various anarchist factions, including the mutualists Courbet, Longuet, and Vermorel, the libertarian collectivists Varlin, Malon, and Lefrangais, and the bakuninists Elie and Elisée Reclus and Louise Michel.	2	0								p
300	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism	Anarchism	2015	Godwin is generally regarded as the founder of the school of thought known as 'philosophical anarchism'. He argued in Political Justice (1793) that government has an inherently malevolent influence on society, and that it perpetuates dependency and ignorance. He thought that the spread of the use of reason to the masses would eventually cause government to wither away as an unnecessary force. Although he did not accord the state with moral legitimacy, he was against the use of revolutionary tactics for removing the government from power. Rather, he advocated for its replacement through a process of peaceful evolution.	2	1	Founding father for peaceful evolution.							p
461	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/33944/pg33944.txt	How to Observe Morals and Manners	1838	Good and bad health are both cause and effect of good and bad morals. Noproof of this is needed, nor any further dwelling upon the proposition.The fact, however, points out to the observer the duty of obtaining acorrect general estimate of the health of the community he visits.	2	1	Clearly the statement: “no proof needed, no further dwelling is needed” pushes it in +2 direction.							p
11	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz invented the Stepped Reckoner and his famous stepped drum mechanism around 1672. He attempted to create a machine that could be used not only for addition and subtraction but would utilise a moveable carriage to enable long multiplication and division. Leibniz once said "It is unworthy of excellent men to lose hours like slaves in the labour of calculation which could safely be relegated to anyone else if machines were used."[15] However, Leibniz did not incorporate a fully successful carry mechanism. Leibniz also described the binary numeral system,[16] a central ingredient of all modern computers. However, up to the 1940s, many subsequent designs (including Charles Babbage's machines of the 1822 and even ENIAC of 1945) were based on the decimal system.[17]										n
488	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22306/pg22306.txt	Human Traits and their Social Significance	1920	Greek writers of the fifth century B.C. have a way of speaking ofan attitude toward religion, as though it were wholly a thing of joyand confidence, a friendly fellowship with the gods, whose service isbut a high festival for man. In Homer, sacrifice is but, as it were,the signal for a banquet of abundant roast flesh and sweet wine; wehear nothing of fasting, cleansing, and atonement. This we mightexplain as part of the general splendid unreality of the Greek saga,but sober historians of the fifth century B.C. express the same spirit.Thucydides is by nature no reveller, yet religion is to him, in themain, a rest from toil. He makes Pericles say of the Athenians:Moreover we have provided for our spirit very many opportunitiesof recreation, by the celebration of games and sacrifices throughoutthe year.[1]										n
712	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/13176/pg13176.txt	The Abolitionists (Together With Personal Memories Of The Struggle For Human Rights)	1830-1864	Greeley, Horace, 142, 148, 178, 179.										n
366	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism	Social Darwinism	2015	H. G. Wells was heavily influenced by Darwinist thoughts, and novelist Jack London wrote stories of survival that incorporated his views on social Darwinism.										n
596	https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/7300/pg7300.txt	Woman And The Republic	1897	Harriette A. Keyser, who was the special Suffrage champion of the working-woman before the Committee of the Constitutional Convention, gave not onefact or figure to show that the working-woman, where she had the ballot,had already been helped by it, or that it was likely to help her, or howand why it might help her. Among the generalities she uttered was thefollowing; "But the greatest value of the working-woman, to my mind, isthat without her economic value this present demand for equal suffragecould never be made. Indeed, the suffrage of the world is due to her. Do Imean by this that every working-woman in the country sees her own value soclearly that she demands enfranchisement? I could not say this with truth.I make this statement irrespective of what any individual working-womanmay think. It is based upon what she is. As through the last half centurythe contention for equal rights has continued, the working-woman has beenthe great object-lesson. It was not from women of leisure, having all therights they want, that inspiration has been received. It has been caughtfrom the patient worker, healing the sick, writing the book, painting thepicture, teaching the children, tilling the soil, working in the factory,serving in the household. Every stroke of these workers has been a protestagainst a disfranchised individuality." Miss Keyser has mentioned most ofthe classes in this country, for, so far as my experience goes, there isno such thing as a leisure class, in the sense of an idle class, of women.Women are almost universally industrious, and it is a mistake to supposethat their early industry in the house was not as much appreciated andcounted in the general fund of work as their more public activity now. Itis well for Miss Keyser to make her estimate of the Suffrage value of theworking-woman one that shall have no reference to the expressed views ofthe working-woman herself; because the working-woman seems almostuniversally not only unconscious of but indifferent to her attitude as agreat object-lesson in favor of the ballot. But here is something new.Suffragists have first claimed that there could be no working-woman unlessthere was a ballot in woman's hand; then they claimed that, although therewas a working-woman despite the fact that she had not been enfranchised,she was made by the agitation for the ballot; and now comes Miss Keyser tosay that, not only is the working-woman not due to the ballot, or toballot-seeking, but "the suffrage of the world is due to her," for"without her economic value this present demand for equal suffrage couldnever have been made!" Tar baby ain't sayin' nuthin'.										n
34	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	He also introduced the notion of a 'Universal Machine' (now known as a Universal Turing machine), with the idea that such a machine could perform the tasks of any other machine, or in other words, it is provably capable of computing anything that is computable by executing a program stored on tape, allowing the machine to be programmable. Von Neumann acknowledged that the central concept of the modern computer was due to this paper.[44] Turing machines are to this day a central object of study in theory of computation. Except for the limitations imposed by their finite memory stores, modern computers are said to be Turing-complete, which is to say, they have algorithm execution capability equivalent to a universal Turing machine.										n
395	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4557/pg4557.txt	The Idea Of Progress	1920	He ascribes to metallurgy and agriculture the fatal resolution whichbrought this Arcadian existence to an end. Agriculture entailed theorigin of property in land. Moral and social inequality were introducedby the man who first enclosed a piece of land and said, This is mine,and found people simple enough to believe him. He was the founder ofcivil society.										n
185	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page	Larry Page	2015	He is a board member of the X Prize Foundation and was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2004.[4] Page received the Marconi Prize in 2004. Page is the inventor of PageRank, the foundation of Google's search ranking algorithm.[5]										n
476	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/33944/pg33944.txt	How to Observe Morals and Manners	1838	He must have made up his mind as to what it is that he wants to know. Inphysical science, great results may be obtained by hap-hazardexperiments; but this is not the case in Morals. A chemist can hardlyfail of learning something by putting any substances together, under newcircumstances, and seeing what will arise out of the combination; andsome striking discoveries happened in this way, in the infancy of thescience; though no one doubts that more knowledge may be gained by thechemist who has an aim in his mind, and who conducts his experiment onsome principle. In Morals, the latter method is the only one whichpromises any useful results. In the workings of the social system, allthe agents are known in the gross--all are determined. It is not theirnature, but the proportions in which they are combined, which have to beascertained.										n
398	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4557/pg4557.txt	The Idea Of Progress	1920	He was one of the remarkable figures of his age. We might almost saythat he was a new type--a nineteenth century humanitarian and pacifistin an eighteenth century environment. He was a born reformer, and hedevoted his life to the construction of schemes for increasing humanhappiness. He introduced the word bienfaisance into the currency ofthe French language, and beneficence was in his eyes the sovran virtue.There were few departments of public affairs in which he did not pointout the deficiencies and devise ingenious plans for improvement. Mostof his numerous writings are projets--schemes of reform in government,economics, finance, education, all worked out in detail, and all aimingat the increase of pleasure and the diminution of pain. The Abbe'snimble intelligence had a weak side, which must have somewhatcompromised his influence. He was so confident in the reasonableness ofhis projects that he always believed that if they were fairly consideredthe ruling powers could not fail to adopt them in their own interests.It is the nature of a reformer to be sanguine, but the optimism ofSaint-Pierre touched naivete. Thousands might have agreed with his viewthat the celibacy of the Catholic clergy was an unwholesome institution,but when he drew up a proposal for its abolition and imagined that thePope, unable to resist his arguments, would immediately adopt it, theymight be excused for putting him down as a crank who could hardly betaken seriously. The form in which he put forward his memorable schemefor the abolition of war exhibits the same sanguine simplicity. All hisplans, Rousseau observed, showed a clear vision of what their effectswould be, "but he judged like a child of means to bring them about." Buthis abilities were great, and his actual influence was considerable. Itwould have been greater if he had possessed the gift of style.										n
134	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining	Mining	2015	Heavy machinery is used in mining to explore and develop sites, to remove and stockpile overburden, to break and remove rocks of various hardness and toughness, to process the ore, and to carry out reclamation projects after the mine is closed. Bulldozers, drills, explosives and trucks are all necessary for excavating the land. In the case of placer mining, unconsolidated gravel, or alluvium, is fed into machinery consisting of a hopper and a shaking screen or trommel which frees the desired minerals from the waste gravel. The minerals are then concentrated using sluices or jigs.										n
347	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism	Social Darwinism	2015	Herbert Spencer's ideas, like those of evolutionary progressivism, stemmed from his reading of Thomas Malthus, and his later theories were influenced by those of Darwin. However, Spencer's major work, Progress: Its Law and Cause (1857) was released three years before the publication of Darwin's On the Origin of Species, and First Principles was printed in 1860.										n
586	https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/7300/pg7300.txt	Woman And The Republic	1897	Here, then, all these Suffragists present a problem far more momentousthan appears when it is proposed "to show why, in a representative systembased on the double principle that all the intelligence in the state shallbe enlisted for its welfare, and all the weakness in the state representedfor its defence, women, being often intelligent, and often weak, andalways persons, should not also be represented." It is the sex battle thathas been waged from the beginning. In the Suffrage Woman's Bible Mrs.Stanton says: "The correction of this [the misinterpretation of the Bibleas concerns woman] will restore her, and deprive her enemy, man, of areason for his oppression and a weapon of attack." Disguise it as theymay, to themselves and to others, the Suffrage idea is compelled to claimthat man is woman's enemy, that the ballot is the engine of his power, andthat therefore she must vote. The reason that "these considerations cometo the front whenever equal rights is mentioned" is because the women ofthat movement brought them there, and keep them there, and because no onecan seriously consider the matter without seeing that they belong there.										n
533	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/29508/pg29508.txt	The Ethics of Cooperation	1918	HIGHER EDUCATION AND BUSINESS STANDARDS.By WILLARD EUGENE HOTCHKISS.										n
301	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism	Anarchism	2015	His aversion to the imposition of a rules-based society led him to denounce, as a manifestation of the people’s ‘mental enslavement’, the foundations of law, property rights and even the institution of marriage. He considered the basic foundations of society as constraining the natural development of individuals to use their powers of reasoning to arrive at a mutually beneficial method of social organisation. In each case, government and its institutions are shown to constrain the development of our capacity to live wholly in accordance with the full and free exercise of private judgment.										n
490	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22306/pg22306.txt	Human Traits and their Social Significance	1920	History thus comes to reveal the fulfillment of the divinepurpose, as science reveals the divine arrangements of theuniverse.										n
467	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/33944/pg33944.txt	How to Observe Morals and Manners	1838	HOUSEHOLD YEAR-BOOK, FOR 1835, 6, and 7. 1_s._ each.										n
262	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage	Sabotage	2015	However three factors have been cited: inter-union rivalry, poor working conditions, and the perceived arrogance of American executives of the contractor, Bechtel Corporation.[6]										n
247	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choice	Choice	2015	However, a recent meta-analysis of the literature on choice overload calls such studies into question (Scheibehenne, Greigeneder, and Todd, 2010). In many cases, researchers have found no effect of choice set size on people's beliefs, feelings, and behavior. Indeed, overall, the effect of "too many options" is minimal at best.										n
313	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism	Anarchism	2015	However, as soon as 1887, important figures in the anarchist movement distanced themselves from such individual acts. Peter Kropotkin thus wrote that year in Le Révolté that "a structure based on centuries of history cannot be destroyed with a few kilos of dynamite". A variety of anarchists advocated the abandonment of these sorts of tactics in favour of collective revolutionary action, for example through the trade union movement. The anarcho-syndicalist, Fernand Pelloutier, argued in 1895 for renewed anarchist involvement in the labour movement on the basis that anarchism could do very well without "the individual dynamiter."										n
362	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism	Social Darwinism	2015	However, Darwin felt that "social instincts" such as "sympathy" and "moral sentiments" also evolved through natural selection, and that these resulted in the strengthening of societies in which they occurred, so much so that he wrote about it in Descent of Man: The following proposition seems to me in a high degree probable—namely, that any animal whatever, endowed with well-marked social instincts, the parental and filial affections being here included, would inevitably acquire a moral sense or conscience, as soon as its intellectual powers had become as well, or nearly as well developed, as in man. For, firstly, the social instincts lead an animal to take pleasure in the society of its fellows, to feel a certain amount of sympathy with them, and to perform various services for them.										n
180	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry	Textile Industry	2015	However, the Arrangement was not negative for all developing countries. For example the European Union (EU) imposed no restrictions or duties on imports from the very poor countries, such as Bangladesh, leading to a massive expansion of the industry there.										n
492	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22306/pg22306.txt	Human Traits and their Social Significance	1920	HUMAN TRAITS										n
360	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism	Social Darwinism	2015	Hypotheses of social evolution and cultural evolution were common in Europe. The Enlightenment thinkers who preceded Darwin, such as Hegel, often argued that societies progressed through stages of increasing development. Earlier thinkers also emphasized conflict as an inherent feature of social life. Thomas Hobbes's 17th century portrayal of the state of nature seems analogous to the competition for natural resources described by Darwin. Social Darwinism is distinct from other theories of social change because of the way it draws Darwin's distinctive ideas from the field of biology into social studies.										n
598	https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/7300/pg7300.txt	Woman And The Republic	1897	I am sure I need not emphasize the fact that, in studying some of theprinciples that underlie the Suffrage movement, I am not impugning themotives of the leaders. Nor need I dwell upon the fact that it is from thegood comradeship of men and women that has come to prevail under our freeconditions, that some women have hastily espoused a cause with which theynever have affiliated, because they supposed it to be fighting againstodds for the freedom of their sex.										n
438	https://www.gutenberg.org/files/31529/31529-0.txt	Modern Marriage and How To Bear It	1908	I remember the case of poor little Hildebrand. He was a very younghusband, and had been brought up in a very old-fashioned way. One of hisquaintly mediæval notions was that woman had no financial capacity andcould on no account be trusted with cash. If he had had time, I reallythink he would have done all the housekeeping himself. Fortunately forthe peace of that family this was impossible. However, he exercised asmuch supervision over the _ménage_ as was possible, even to the extentof looking over the tradesmen’s books. Of course he did not understandtheir cryptic symbols in the least, and it was a funny sight to seelittle Hildebrand poring over the small red books, and puckering hisconscientious brows in an agony of puzzlement. Every now and then hewould turn for enlightenment to his wife, who happily possessed a veryrobust sense of humour.										n
699	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/13176/pg13176.txt	The Abolitionists (Together With Personal Memories Of The Struggle For Human Rights)	1830-1864	I write the more willingly because comparatively few now livingremember the mad excitement of the slavery controversy in ante-bellumdays. The majority--the living and the working masses of to-day--will,doubtless, be gratified to have accurate pictures of scenes and eventsof which they have heard their seniors speak, that distinguished themost tempestuous period in our national history--the one in which thewildest passions were aroused and indulged. Then it was that thefiercest and bitterest agitation prevailed. The war that followed didnot increase this. It rather modified it--sobered it in view of thecrisis at hand--and served as a safety-valve for its escape.										n
571	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8077/pg8077.txt	The Mind in the Making: The Relation of Intelligence to Social Reform	1921	I.										n
73	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	IBM introduced a smaller, more affordable computer in 1954 that proved very popular.[90] The IBM 650 weighed over 900 kg, the attached power supply weighed around 1350 kg and both were held in separate cabinets of roughly 1.5 meters by 0.9 meters by 1.8 meters. It cost US$500,000[91] ($4.39 million as of 2015) or could be leased for US$3,500 a month ($30 thousand as of 2015).[89] Its drum memory was originally 2,000 ten-digit words, later expanded to 4,000 words. Memory limitations such as this were to dominate programming for decades afterward. The program instructions were fetched from the spinning drum as the code ran. Efficient execution using drum memory was provided by a combination of hardware architecture: the instruction format included the address of the next instruction; and software: the Symbolic Optimal Assembly Program, SOAP,[92] assigned instructions to the optimal addresses (to the extent possible by static analysis of the source program). Thus many instructions were, when needed, located in the next row of the drum to be read and additional wait time for drum rotation was not required.										n
78	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	IBM introduced the first disk storage unit, the IBM 350 RAMAC (Random Access Method of Accounting and Control) in 1956. Using fifty 24-inch (610 mm) metal disks, with 100 tracks per side, it was able to store 5 megabytes of data at a cost of US$10,000 per megabyte ($90 thousand as of 2015).[89][98]										n
665	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2162/pg2162.txt	Anarchism and other essays	1910	If that were patriotism, few American men of today could be calledupon to be patriotic, since the place of play has been turned intofactory, mill, and mine, while deafening sounds of machinery havereplaced the music of the birds. Nor can we longer hear the tales ofgreat deeds, for the stories our mothers tell today are but those ofsorrow, tears, and grief.										n
627	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1228/pg1228.txt	On the Origin of species	1859	If then, there be some degree of truth in these remarks, we have noright to expect to find in our geological formations, an infinite numberof those fine transitional forms, which on my theory assuredly haveconnected all the past and present species of the same group into onelong and branching chain of life. We ought only to look for a few links,some more closely, some more distantly related to each other; and theselinks, let them be ever so close, if found in different stages of thesame formation, would, by most palaeontologists, be ranked as distinctspecies. But I do not pretend that I should ever have suspected how poora record of the mutations of life, the best preserved geological sectionpresented, had not the difficulty of our not discovering innumerabletransitional links between the species which appeared at thecommencement and close of each formation, pressed so hardly on mytheory.										n
544	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/29508/pg29508.txt	The Ethics of Cooperation	1918	If trade and industry, however, embody so fully the principle ofcoöperation, how does it come about that they have on the whole had arather low reputation, not only among the class groups founded onmilitarism, but among philosophers and moralists? Why do we find thepresent calamities of war charged to economic causes? Perhaps theanswer to these questions will point the path along which bettercoöperation may be expected.										n
514	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/29508/pg29508.txt	The Ethics of Cooperation	1918	II										n
536	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/29508/pg29508.txt	The Ethics of Cooperation	1918	II										n
10	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	In 1642, while still a teenager, Blaise Pascal started some pioneering work on calculating machines and after three years of effort and 50 prototypes[9] he invented a mechanical calculator.[10][11] He built twenty of these machines (called Pascal's Calculator or Pascaline) in the following ten years.[12] Nine Pascalines have survived, most of which are on display in European museums.[13] A continuing debate exists over whether Schickard or Pascal should be regarded as the "inventor of the mechanical calculator" and the range of issues to be considered is discussed elsewhere.[14]										n
164	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry	Textile Industry	2015	In 1734 in Bury, Lancashire, John Kay invented the flying shuttle — one of the first of a series of inventions associated with the cotton industry. The flying shuttle increased the width of cotton cloth and speed of production of a single weaver at a loom.[8] Resistance by workers to the perceived threat to jobs delayed the widespread introduction of this technology, even though the higher rate of production generated an increased demand for spun cotton.										n
165	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry	Textile Industry	2015	In 1761, the Duke of Bridgewater's canal connected Manchester to the coal fields of Worsley and in 1762, Matthew Boulton opened the Soho Foundry engineering works in Handsworth, Birmingham. His partnership with Scottish engineer James Watt resulted, in 1775, in the commercial production of the more efficient Watt steam engine which used a separate condensor.										n
166	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry	Textile Industry	2015	In 1764, James Hargreaves is credited as inventor of the spinning jenny which multiplied the spun thread production capacity of a single worker — initially eightfold and subsequently much further. Others[9] credit the original invention to Thomas Highs. Industrial unrest and a failure to patent the invention until 1770 forced Hargreaves from Blackburn, but his lack of protection of the idea allowed the concept to be exploited by others. As a result, there were over 20,000 Spinning Jennies in use by the time of his death. Again in 1764, Thorp Mill, the first water-powered cotton mill in the world was constructed at Royton, Lancashire, England. It was used for carding cotton. With the spinning and weaving process now mechanized, cotton mills cropped up all over the North West of England.										n
13	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	In 1801, Joseph-Marie Jacquard developed a loom in which the pattern being woven was controlled by punched cards. The series of cards could be changed without changing the mechanical design of the loom. This was a landmark achievement in programmability. His machine was an improvement over similar weaving looms. Punch cards were preceded by punch bands, as in the machine proposed by Basile Bouchon. These bands would inspire information recording for automatic pianos and more recently NC machine-tools.										n
305	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism	Anarchism	2015	In 1864 the International Workingmen's Association (sometimes called the "First International") united diverse revolutionary currents including French followers of Proudhon, Blanquists, Philadelphes, English trade unionists, socialists and social democrats. Due to its links to active workers' movements, the International became a significant organisation. Karl Marx became a leading figure in the International and a member of its General Council. Proudhon's followers, the mutualists, opposed Marx's state socialism, advocating political abstentionism and small property holdings. Woodcock also reports that the American individualist anarchists Lysander Spooner and William B. Greene had been members of the First International. In 1868, following their unsuccessful participation in the League of Peace and Freedom (LPF), Russian revolutionary Mikhail Bakunin and his collectivist anarchist associates joined the First International (which had decided not to get involved with the LPF). They allied themselves with the federalist socialist sections of the International, who advocated the revolutionary overthrow of the state and the collectivization of property. At first, the collectivists worked with the Marxists to push the First International in a more revolutionary socialist direction. Subsequently, the International became polarised into two camps, with Marx and Bakunin as their respective figureheads. Bakunin characterised Marx's ideas as centralist and predicted that, if a Marxist party came to power, its leaders would simply take the place of the ruling class they had fought against. Anarchist historian George Woodcock reports that "The annual Congress of the International had not taken place in 1870 owing to the outbreak of the Paris Commune, and in 1871 the General Council called only a special conference in London. One delegate was able to attend from Spain and none from Italy, while a technical excuse – that they had split away from the Fédération Romande – was used to avoid inviting Bakunin's Swiss supporters. Thus only a tiny minority of anarchists was present, and the General Council's resolutions passed almost unanimously. Most of them were clearly directed against Bakunin and his followers." In 1872, the conflict climaxed with a final split between the two groups at the Hague Congress, where Bakunin and James Guillaume were expelled from the International and its headquarters were transferred to New York. In response, the federalist sections formed their own International at the St. Imier Congress, adopting a revolutionary anarchist program.										n
364	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism	Social Darwinism	2015	In 1883, Sumner published a highly influential pamphlet entitled "What Social Classes Owe to Each Other", in which he insisted that the social classes owe each other nothing, synthesizing Darwin's findings with free enterprise Capitalism for his justification. According to Sumner, those who feel an obligation to provide assistance to those unequipped or under-equipped to compete for resources, will lead to a country in which the weak and inferior are encouraged to breed more like them, eventually dragging the country down. Sumner also believed that the best equipped to win the struggle for existence was the American businessman, and concluded that taxes and regulations serve as dangers to his survival. This pamphlet makes no mention of Darwinism, and only refers to Darwin in a statement on the meaning of liberty, that "There never has been any man, from the primitive barbarian up to a Humboldt or a Darwin, who could do as he had a mind to."										n
310	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism	Anarchism	2015	In 1907, the International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam gathered delegates from 14 different countries, among which important figures of the anarchist movement, including Errico Malatesta, Pierre Monatte, Luigi Fabbri, Benoît Broutchoux, Emma Goldman, Rudolf Rocker, and Christiaan Cornelissen. Various themes were treated during the Congress, in particular concerning the organisation of the anarchist movement, popular education issues, the general strike or antimilitarism. A central debate concerned the relation between anarchism and syndicalism (or trade unionism). Malatesta and Monatte were in particular disagreement themselves on this issue, as the latter thought that syndicalism was revolutionary and would create the conditions of a social revolution, while Malatesta did not consider syndicalism by itself sufficient. He thought that the trade-union movement was reformist and even conservative, citing as essentially bourgeois and anti-worker the phenomenon of professional union officials. Malatesta warned that the syndicalists aims were in perpetuating syndicalism itself, whereas anarchists must always have anarchy as their end and consequently refrain from committing to any particular method of achieving it.										n
38	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	In 1941, Zuse followed his earlier machine up with the Z3,[48] the world's first working electromechanical programmable, fully automatic digital computer.[49] The Z3 was built with 2000 relays, implementing a 22 bit word length that operated at a clock frequency of about 5–10 Hz.[50] Program code and data were stored on punched film. It was quite similar to modern machines in some respects, pioneering numerous advances such as floating point numbers. Replacement of the hard-to-implement decimal system (used in Charles Babbage's earlier design) by the simpler binary system meant that Zuse's machines were easier to build and potentially more reliable, given the technologies available at that time.[51] The Z3 was probably a complete Turing machine. In two 1936 patent applications, Zuse also anticipated that machine instructions could be stored in the same storage used for data—the key insight of what became known as the von Neumann architecture, first implemented in the British SSEM of 1948.[52]										n
40	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	In 1944, the Harvard Mark I was constructed at IBM's Endicott laboratories;[53] it was a similar general purpose electro-mechanical computer to the Z3 and was not quite Turing-complete.										n
74	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	In 1951, British scientist Maurice Wilkes developed the concept of microprogramming from the realisation that the Central Processing Unit of a computer could be controlled by a miniature, highly specialised computer program in high-speed ROM. Microprogramming allows the base instruction set to be defined or extended by built-in programs (now called firmware or microcode).[93] This concept greatly simplified CPU development. He first described this at the University of Manchester Computer Inaugural Conference in 1951, then published in expanded form in IEEE Spectrum in 1955.										n
283	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage	Sabotage	2015	In 1982 in Honduras, a group of nine Salvadorans and Nicaraguans destroyed a main electrical power station, leaving Tegucigalpa, the capital city, for three days without power.[15]										n
198	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page	Larry Page	2015	In 1998, Brin and Page founded Google, Inc.[28] Its initial domain name was ‘Googol’ which was derived from a number that is one followed by hundred zeros. This represented the vast amount of data that the search engine was intended to explore. They stated their mission as ‘to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful’.[29] By June of 2000, Google had indexed one billion Internet URLs, or Uniform Resource Locators. Reaching the one-billion mark made Google the most comprehensive search engine on the Web at the time.[30] Google has been described as "the most influential company of the digital era".[31] Google has also virtually dominated online search worldwide since its founding.[32][33][34][35]										n
142	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marissa_Mayer&printable=yes	Marissa Mayer	2015	In 2002, Mayer started the Associate Product Manager (APM) program, a Google mentorship program aimed to recruit new talents and cultivate and train them for leadership roles within the company. Each year, Mayer selected a number of junior employees for the two-year program, which would see them take on a number of extracurricular assignments and intensive evening classes.[22][43][44] Notable graduates of the program include Bret Taylor and Justin Rosenstein.[44]In 2005 she became Vice President of Search Products and User Experience.[45] Mayer held key roles in Google Search, Google Images, Google News, Google Maps, Google Books, Google Product Search, Google Toolbar, iGoogle, and Gmail.[46]										n
177	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry	Textile Industry	2015	In 2002, textiles and apparel manufacturing accounted for $400 billion in global exports, representing 6% of world trade and 8% of world trade in manufactured goods.[20] In the early years of the 21st century, the largest importing and exporting countries were developed countries, including the European Union, the United States, Canada and Japan.[21] The countries with the largest share of their exports being textiles and apparel were as follows (2002):[20]										n
207	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page	Larry Page	2015	In 2003, Page, along with Brin, received an honorary MBA from IE Business School "for embodying the entrepreneurial spirit and lending momentum to the creation of new businesses."[61] In 2004, they received the Marconi Foundation Prize and were elected Fellows of the Marconi Foundation at Columbia University. In announcing their selection, John Jay Iselin, the Foundation's president, congratulated the two men for "their invention that has fundamentally changed the way information is retrieved today."[62]In 2004, he was elected to the National Academy of Engineering.[59] Also that year, Page and Brin were named "Persons of the Week" by ABC World News Tonight. In 2004 the X PRIZE chose Page as a trustee for their board.[63]In 2005, Brin and Page were elected Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[64]										n
203	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page	Larry Page	2015	In 2007, Page married Lucinda Southworth on Necker Island, the Caribbean island owned by businessman Richard Branson.[47] Southworth is a research scientist, and the sister of actress and model Carrie Southworth.[48] Page and Southworth have two children, born in 2009 and 2011.[49][50] Page formerly dated Google's former head of location products Marissa Mayer, who became Yahoo!'s CEO in July 2012.[51][52][53]										n
208	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page	Larry Page	2015	In 2009, Page received an honorary doctorate from the University of Michigan during graduation commencement ceremonies.[65]In 2011, he was ranked 24th on the Forbes list of billionaires and as the 11th richest person in the United States.[1]As of July 2014, the Bloomberg Billionaires Index lists Page as the 17th richest man in the world with an estimated net worth of US$32.7 billion.[66]										n
450	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/33944/pg33944.txt	How to Observe Morals and Manners	1838	In a majority of cases such reasons are, to a great extent,ascertainable. In Spain, for instance, there is a large class ofwretched and irretrievable beggars; and their idleness, dirt, and lyingtrouble the very soul of the traveller. What is the reason of theprevalence of this degraded class and of its vices? A Court Lady[C]wrote, in ancient days, piteous complaints of the poverty of thesovereign, the nobility, the army, and the destitute ladies who waitedupon the queen. The sovereign could not give his attendants theirdinners; the nobility melted down their plate and sold their jewels; thesoldiers were famishing in garrison, so that the young deserted, and theaged and invalids wasted away, actually starved to death. The ladymentions with surprise, that a particularly large amount of gold andsilver had arrived from the foreign possessions of Spain that year, andtries to account for the universal misery by saying that a greatproportion of these riches was appropriated by merchants who suppliedthe Spaniards with the necessaries of life from abroad; and she speaksof this as an evil. She is an example of an unphilosophicalobserver,--one who could not be trusted to report--much less to accountfor--the morals and manners of the people before her eyes. What says aphilosophical observer?[D] "Spain and Portugal, the countries whichpossess the mines, are, after Poland, perhaps the two most beggarlycountries in Europe."--"Their trade to their colonies is carried on intheir own ships, and is much greater" (than their foreign commerce,) "onaccount of the great riches and extent of those colonies. But it hasnever introduced any considerable manufactures for distant sale intoeither of those countries, and the greater part of both remainsuncultivated."--"The proportion of gold and silver to the annual produceof the land and labour of Spain is said to be very considerable, andthat you frequently find there a profusion of plate in houses wherethere is nothing else which would in other countries be thought suitableor correspondent to this sort of magnificence. The cheapness of gold andsilver, or, what is the same thing, the dearness of all commodities,which is the necessary effect of this redundance of the precious metals,discourages both the agriculture and manufactures of Spain and Portugal,and enables foreign nations to supply them with many sorts of rude, andwith almost all sorts of manufactured produce, for a smaller quantity ofgold and silver than what they themselves can either raise or make themfor at home."--When it is considered that in Spain gold and silver arecalled wealth, and that there is little other; that manufactures andcommerce scarcely exist; that agriculture is discouraged, and thattherefore there is a lack of occupation for the lower classes, it may befairly concluded that the idle upper orders will be found lazy, proud,and poor; the idle lower classes in a state of beggary; and that themost virtuous and happy part of the population will be those who areengaged in tilling the soil, and in the occupations which are absolutelynecessary in towns. One may see with the mind's eye the groups ofintriguing grandees, who have no business on their estates to occupytheir time and thoughts; or the crowd of hungry beggars, thronging roundthe door of a convent, to receive the daily alms; or the hospitable andcourteous peasants, of whom a traveller[E] says, "There is a civility tostrangers, and an easy style of behaviour familiar to this class ofSpanish society, which is very remote from the churlish and awkwardmanners of the English and German peasantry. Their sobriety andendurance of fatigue are very remarkable; and there is a constantcheerfulness in their demeanour which strongly prepossesses a strangerin their favour."--"I should be glad if I could, with justice, give asfavourable a picture of the higher orders of society in this country;but, perhaps, when we consider their wretched education, and their earlyhabits of indolence and dissipation, we ought not to wonder at the stateof contempt and degradation to which they are reduced. I am not speakingthe language of prejudice, but the result of the observations I havemade, in which every accurate observer among our countrymen hasconcurred with me, in saying that the figures and countenances of thehigher orders are as much inferior to those of the peasants, as theirmoral qualities are in the view I have given of them."--All this mightbe foreseen to be unavoidable in a country where the means of living arepassively derived from abroad, and where the honour and rewards ofsuccessful industry are confined to a class of the community. The minesshould bear the blame of the prevalent faults of the saucy beggars andbeggarly grandees of Spain.										n
658	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2162/pg2162.txt	Anarchism and other essays	1910	In a recent book by a woman who was for twelve years the mistress ofa "house," are to be found the following figures: "The authoritiescompelled me to pay every month fines between $14.70 to $29.70, thegirls would pay from $5.70 to $9.70 to the police." Considering thatthe writer did her business in a small city, that the amounts shegives do not include extra bribes and fines, one can readily see thetremendous revenue the police department derives from the blood moneyof its victims, whom it will not even protect. Woe to those whorefuse to pay their toll; they would be rounded up like cattle, "ifonly to make a favorable impression upon the good citizens of thecity, or if the powers needed extra money on the side. For thewarped mind who believes that a fallen woman is incapable of humanemotion it would be impossible to realize the grief, the disgrace,the tears, the wounded pride that was ours every time we were pulledin."										n
600	https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/7300/pg7300.txt	Woman And The Republic	1897	In answer to various questions we have received on this:										n
145	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marissa_Mayer&printable=yes	Marissa Mayer	2015	In April 2013, Mayer changed Yahoo!'s maternity leave policy, lengthening its time allowance and providing a cash bonus to parents.[54] CNN noted this was in line with other Silicon Valley companies, such as Facebook and Google.[55][56] On May 20, 2013, Mayer led Yahoo! to acquire Tumblr in a $1.1 billion acquisition.[57][58] The acquisition was just one in a series of major purchases that have occurred since Mayer became the CEO of the company. In July 2013, Yahoo! reported a fall in revenues, but a rise in profits compared with the same period in the previous year. Reaction on Wall Street was muted, with shares falling 1.7%.[59] In September 2013, it was reported that the stock price of Yahoo! had doubled over the 14 months since Mayer's appointment.[60]										n
698	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/13176/pg13176.txt	The Abolitionists (Together With Personal Memories Of The Struggle For Human Rights)	1830-1864	In Canterbury, in the State of Connecticut, lived a Quaker lady of thename of Prudence Crandall. She conducted a school for young ladies.Among those she admitted was a colored girl. The fact becoming known,objection was raised by the citizens of the place. The position inwhich Miss Crandall was placed was a most trying one. Having investedall her means in the school building and its equipment, she wasconfronted with the alternative of losing her business and herproperty, or dismissing the colored student who had done no wrong. Shechose to stand by her principles.										n
466	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/33944/pg33944.txt	How to Observe Morals and Manners	1838	In close connexion with this, he must observe the condition of Servants.The treatment and conduct of domestics depend on causes which lie fardeeper than the principles and tempers of particular servants andmasters, as may be seen by a glance at domestic service in England,Scotland, and Ireland. In England, the old Saxon and Norman feudsmoulders, (however unconscious the parties may be of the fact,) in therelation of master and servant. Domestics who never heard of eitherNorman or Saxon entertain a deep-rooted conviction of their masters'interests and their own being directly opposed, and are subject to astrong sense of injury. Masters who never bestow a thought on thetransactions of the twelfth century, complain of a doggedness,selfishness, and case-hardened indifference in the class of domestics,which kindness cannot penetrate, or penetrates only to pervert. Therelation is therefore a painful one in England. There is littlesatisfaction to be obtained between the extremes of servility anddefiance, by which the conduct of servants is almost as distinctlymarked now as when the nation was younger by seven centuries. TheEnglish housewives complain that confidence only makes their maidservants conceited, and that indulgence spoils them.--In Ireland, thecase is of the same nature, but much aggravated. The injury of having anaristocracy of foreigners forced on the country, to whom the natives areto render service, is more recent, and the impression more consciouslyretained. The servants are ill-treated, and they yield bad service inreturn. It is mournful to see the arrangement of Dublin houses. Thedrawing-rooms are palace-like, while the servants' apartments are darkand damp dungeons. It is wearisome to hear the complaints of the dirt,falsehood, and faithlessness of Irish servants,--complaints which theirmistresses have ever ready for the ear of the stranger; and it isdisgusting to witness the effects in the household. It is equally sadand ludicrous to see the mistress of some families enter the breakfastroom, with a loaf of bread under her arm, the butter-plate in one hand,and a bunch of keys in the other;--to see her cut from the loaf thenumber of slices required, and send them down to be toasted,--explainingthat she is obliged to lock up the very bread from the thievery of herservants, and informing against them as if she expected them to beworthy of trust, while she daily insults them with the refusal of alltrust,--even to the care of the bread-pan. In Scotland, the case iswidely different. Servitude and clanship are there connected, instead ofservitude and conquest. The service is willing in proportion; and thefaults of domestics are not those common to the oppressed, but ratherthose proceeding from pride and self-will. The Scotch domestic has stillthe pride in the chief of the name which cherishes the self-respect ofevery member of a clan; and in the service of the chief there isscarcely any exertion which the humblest of his name would not make. Theresults are obvious. There is a better understanding between the twoclasses than in the other divisions of the kingdom: and Scotch mastersand mistresses obtain a satisfaction from their domestics which nodegree of justice and kindness in English and Irish housekeepers cansecure. The dregs of an oppression of centuries cannot be purged away bythe action of individual tempers, be they of the best. The causes ofmisunderstanding, as we have said, lie deep.										n
278	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage	Sabotage	2015	In December 1944, the Germans ran a false flag sabotage infiltration, Operation Greif, which was commanded by Waffen-SS commando Otto Skorzeny during the Battle of the Bulge. German commandos, wearing US Army uniforms, carrying US Army weapons, and using US Army vehicles, penetrated US lines to spread panic and confusion among US troops and to blow up bridges, ammunition dumps, and fuel stores and to disrupt the lines of communication. Many of the commandos were captured by the Americans. Because they were wearing US uniforms, a number of the Germans were executed as spies, either summarily or after military commissions.[18]										n
382	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4557/pg4557.txt	The Idea Of Progress	1920	In fact, upon the neutral fact of evolution a theory of pessimism maybe built up as speciously as a theory of optimism. And such a theory wasbuilt up with great power and ability by the German philosopher E. vonHartmann, whose PHILOSOPHY OF THE UNCONSCIOUS appeared in 1869. Leavingaside his metaphysics and his grotesque theory of the destiny of theuniverse, we see here and in his subsequent works how plausiblya convinced evolutionist could revive the view of Rousseau thatcivilisation and happiness are mutually antagonistic, and that Progressmeans an increase of misery.										n
354	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism	Social Darwinism	2015	In Galton's view, social institutions such as welfare and insane asylums were allowing inferior humans to survive and reproduce at levels faster than the more "superior" humans in respectable society, and if corrections were not soon taken, society would be awash with "inferiors." Darwin read his cousin's work with interest, and devoted sections of Descent of Man to discussion of Galton's theories. Neither Galton nor Darwin, though, advocated any eugenic policies such as those that would be undertaken in the early 20th century, for government coercion of any form was very much against their political opinions.										n
617	https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/7300/pg7300.txt	Woman And The Republic	1897	In her "Reminiscences," contributed to the "History," Mrs. Emily Collinssays: "From 1858 to 1869 my home was in Rochester, N.Y. There, by briefnewspaper articles and in other ways, I sought to influence publicsentiment in favor of this fundamental reform. In 1868 a society wasorganized there for the reformation of abandoned women. At one of itsmeetings I endeavored to show how futile all their efforts would be whilewomen, by the laws of the land, were made a subject class."										n
590	https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/7300/pg7300.txt	Woman And The Republic	1897	In his published volume "Anti-slavery Days," James Freeman Clarke says ofthe first Garrison Anti-slavery society: "There was no such excitement tobe had anywhere else as at these meetings. There was a little ofeverything going on in them. Sometimes crazy people would come in andinsist on taking up the time; sometimes mobs would interrupt the smoothtenor of their way; but amid all disturbance each meeting gave us aninteresting and impressive hour. I think that some of the Garrisonianorators had the keenest tongues ever given to man. Stephen S. Foster andHenry C. Wright, for example, said the sharpest things that were everuttered. Their belief was, that people were asleep, and the only thing tobe done was to rouse them; and to do this it was necessary to cut deep andspare not. The more angry people were made, the better." Again, in thesame volume, he says, after describing the political Anti-slavery party:"While these political anti-slavery movements were going on, the oldabolitionists, under the lead of Garrison, Phillips, and others, haddecided to oppose all voting and all political efforts under theConstitution. They adopted as their motto, 'No union with slaveholders.'Their hope for abolishing slavery was in inducing the North to dissolvethe Union. Edmund Quincy said the Union was 'a confederacy with crime,'that 'the experiment of a great nation with popular institutions hadsignally failed,' that 'the Republic was not a model but a warning to thenations;' that 'the whole people must be either slaveholders or slaves;'that the only escape for 'the slave from his bondage was over the ruins ofthe American Church and the American State:' and it was the unalterablepurpose of the Garrisonians to labor for the dissolution of the Union."Freeman Clarke goes on to say: "Wendell Phillips said on one occasion,'Thank God, I am not a citizen of the United States.' As late as 1861 hedeclared the Union a failure, and argued for the dissolution of the Unionas 'the best possible method of abolishing slavery.' If the North hadagreed to disunion and had followed the advice of Phillips, 'To build abridge of gold to take the slave States out of the Union,' slavery wouldprobably be still existing in all the Southern States. At all events, itwas not abolished by those who wished for disunion, but by those who weredetermined at all hazards and by every sacrifice to maintain the Union."										n
616	https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/7300/pg7300.txt	Woman And The Republic	1897	In his published volume "Anti-slavery Days," James Freeman Clarke says ofthe first Garrison Anti-slavery society: "There was no such excitement tobe had anywhere else as at these meetings. There was a little ofeverything going on in them. Sometimes crazy people would come in andinsist on taking up the time; sometimes mobs would interrupt the smoothtenor of their way; but amid all disturbance each meeting gave us aninteresting and impressive hour. I think that some of the Garrisonianorators had the keenest tongues ever given to man. Stephen S. Foster andHenry C. Wright, for example, said the sharpest things that were everuttered. Their belief was, that people were asleep, and the only thing tobe done was to rouse them; and to do this it was necessary to cut deep andspare not. The more angry people were made, the better." Again, in thesame volume, he says, after describing the political Anti-slavery party:"While these political anti-slavery movements were going on, the oldabolitionists, under the lead of Garrison, Phillips, and others, haddecided to oppose all voting and all political efforts under theConstitution. They adopted as their motto, 'No union with slaveholders.'Their hope for abolishing slavery was in inducing the North to dissolvethe Union. Edmund Quincy said the Union was 'a confederacy with crime,'that 'the experiment of a great nation with popular institutions hadsignally failed,' that 'the Republic was not a model but a warning to thenations;' that 'the whole people must be either slaveholders or slaves;'that the only escape for 'the slave from his bondage was over the ruins ofthe American Church and the American State:' and it was the unalterablepurpose of the Garrisonians to labor for the dissolution of the Union."Freeman Clarke goes on to say: "Wendell Phillips said on one occasion,'Thank God, I am not a citizen of the United States.' As late as 1861 hedeclared the Union a failure, and argued for the dissolution of the Unionas 'the best possible method of abolishing slavery.' If the North hadagreed to disunion and had followed the advice of Phillips, 'To build abridge of gold to take the slave States out of the Union,' slavery wouldprobably be still existing in all the Southern States. At all events, itwas not abolished by those who wished for disunion, but by those who weredetermined at all hazards and by every sacrifice to maintain the Union."										n
274	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage	Sabotage	2015	In Ireland, the Irish Republican Army (IRA) used sabotage against the British following the Easter 1916 uprising. The IRA compromised communication lines and lines of transportation and fuel supplies. The IRA also employed passive sabotage, refusing dock and train workers to work on ships and rail cars used by the government. In 1920, agents of the IRA committed arson against at least fifteen British warehouses in Liverpool. The following year, the IRA set fire to numerous British targets again, including the Dublin Customs House, this time sabotaging most of Liverpool's firetrucks in the firehouses before lighting the matches.[17]										n
292	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage	Sabotage	2015	In Japanese, the verb saboru (サボる) means to skip school or loaf on the job.										n
72	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	In June 1951, the UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer) was delivered to the U.S. Census Bureau. Remington Rand eventually sold 46 machines at more than US$1 million each ($9.09 million as of 2015).[89] UNIVAC was the first "mass produced" computer. It used 5,200 vacuum tubes and consumed 125 kW of power. Its primary storage was serial-access mercury delay lines capable of storing 1,000 words of 11decimal digits plus sign (72-bit words).										n
628	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1228/pg1228.txt	On the Origin of species	1859	In looking at Nature, it is most necessary to keep the foregoingconsiderations always in mind--never to forget that every single organicbeing around us may be said to be striving to the utmost to increase innumbers; that each lives by a struggle at some period of its life; thatheavy destruction inevitably falls either on the young or old, duringeach generation or at recurrent intervals. Lighten any check, mitigatethe destruction ever so little, and the number of the species willalmost instantaneously increase to any amount. The face of Nature maybe compared to a yielding surface, with ten thousand sharp wedges packedclose together and driven inwards by incessant blows, sometimes onewedge being struck, and then another with greater force.										n
280	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage	Sabotage	2015	In Mandatory Palestine from 1945 to 1948, Jewish groups opposed British control. Though that control was to end according to the Balfour Declaration in 1948, the groups used sabotage as an opposition tactic. The Haganah focused their efforts on camps used by the British to hold refugees and radar installations that could be used to detect illegal immigrant ships. The Stern Gang and the Irgun used terrorism and sabotage against the British government and against lines of communications. In November 1946, the Irgun and Stern Gang attacked a railroad twenty-one times in a three-week period, eventually causing shell-shocked Arab railway workers to strike. The 6th Airborne Division was called in to provide security as a means of ending the strike.[20]										n
349	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism	Social Darwinism	2015	In many ways, Spencer's theory of cosmic evolution has much more in common with the works of Lamarck and Auguste Comte's positivism than with Darwin's.										n
580	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8077/pg8077.txt	The Mind in the Making: The Relation of Intelligence to Social Reform	1921	In no other country is morality more highly prized or stoutlydefended. Woman is held in her proper esteem and the institution ofthe family everywhere recognized as fundamental. We are singularlyfree from the vices which disgrace the capitals of Europe, notexcepting London.										n
146	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marissa_Mayer&printable=yes	Marissa Mayer	2015	In November of 2013, Mayer instituted a performance review system based on a bell curve ranking of employees, suggesting that managers rank their employees on a bell curve, with those at the low end being fired.[61][62] Employees complained that some managers were viewing the process as mandatory.[62]										n
71	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	In October 1947, the directors of J. Lyons & Company, a British catering company famous for its teashops but with strong interests in new office management techniques, decided to take an active role in promoting the commercial development of computers. The LEO I computer became operational in April 1951[87] and ran the world's first regular routine office computer job. On 17 November 1951, the J. Lyons company began weekly operation of a bakery valuations job on the LEO (Lyons Electronic Office). This was the first business application to go live on a stored program computer.[88]										n
220	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty	Liberty	2015	In On Liberty, John Stuart Mill sought to define the "...nature and limits of the power which can be legitimately exercised by society over the individual," and as such, he describes an inherent and continuous antagonism between liberty and authority and thus, the prevailing question becomes "how to make the fitting adjustment between individual independence and social control".[16]										n
630	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1228/pg1228.txt	On the Origin of species	1859	In our archipelago, I believe that fossiliferous formations could beformed of sufficient thickness to last to an age, as distant in futurityas the secondary formations lie in the past, only during periods ofsubsidence. These periods of subsidence would be separated from eachother by enormous intervals, during which the area would be eitherstationary or rising; whilst rising, each fossiliferous formationwould be destroyed, almost as soon as accumulated, by the incessantcoast-action, as we now see on the shores of South America. During theperiods of subsidence there would probably be much extinction of life;during the periods of elevation, there would be much variation, but thegeological record would then be least perfect.										n
321	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism	Anarchism	2015	In Paris, the Dielo Truda group of Russian anarchist exiles, which included Nestor Makhno, concluded that anarchists needed to develop new forms of organisation in response to the structures of Bolshevism. Their 1926 manifesto, called the Organisational Platform of the General Union of Anarchists (Draft), was supported. Platformist groups active today include the Workers Solidarity Movement in Ireland and the North Eastern Federation of Anarchist Communists of North America. Synthesis anarchism emerged as an organisational alternative to platformism that tries to join anarchists of different tendencies under the principles of anarchism without adjectives. In the 1920s this form found as its main proponents Volin and Sebastien Faure. It is the main principle behind the anarchist federations grouped around the contemporary global International of Anarchist Federations.										n
499	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22306/pg22306.txt	Human Traits and their Social Significance	1920	In physical activity, therefore, periods of lessened activityor change of activity, or nearly complete inactivity as insleep, are not only desirable but necessary, if efficiency is to bemaintained. The demand for rest is an imperative physiologicaldemand. The amount of recuperation demanded bythe organism varies in different individuals, but that there arecertain limits of human productivity has been made increasinglyclear by a careful study of the effects of fatigue uponoutput in industrial occupations. Repeatedly, the shorteningof working hours, especially when they have previously numberedmore than eight, has been found to be correlated withan increase in efficiency. Likewise, the provision of restperiods as in telephone-operating and the needle trades, has innearly every case increased the amount and quality of thework performed. The human machine in order to be mosteffective cannot be pressed too hard. A striking illustrationwas offered in England at the beginning of the war. Underpressure of war necessity, the munition factories relaxed allrestrictions on working hours and operated on a seven-dayweek. The folly of this procedure was tersely summarized bythe British Commission investigating industrial fatigue,which reported: "It is almost a commonplace that seven days'labor produces six days' output."										n
309	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism	Anarchism	2015	In response, unions across the United States prepared a general strike in support of the event. On 3 May, in Chicago, a fight broke out when strikebreakers attempted to cross the picket line, and two workers died when police opened fire upon the crowd. The next day, 4 May, anarchists staged a rally at Chicago's Haymarket Square. A bomb was thrown by an unknown party near the conclusion of the rally, killing an officer. In the ensuing panic, police opened fire on the crowd and each other. Seven police officers and at least four workers were killed. Eight anarchists directly and indirectly related to the organisers of the rally were arrested and charged with the murder of the deceased officer. The men became international political celebrities among the labour movement. Four of the men were executed and a fifth committed suicide prior to his own execution. The incident became known as the Haymarket affair, and was a setback for the labour movement and the struggle for the eight-hour day. In 1890 a second attempt, this time international in scope, to organise for the eight-hour day was made. The event also had the secondary purpose of memorializing workers killed as a result of the Haymarket affair. Although it had initially been conceived as a once-off event, by the following year the celebration of International Workers' Day on May Day had become firmly established as an international worker's holiday.										n
159	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry	Textile Industry	2015	In Roman times, wool, linen and leather clothed the European population, and silk, imported along the Silk Road from China, was an extravagant luxury. The use of flax fibre in the manufacturing of cloth in Northern Europe dates back to Neolithic times.										n
689	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/13176/pg13176.txt	The Abolitionists (Together With Personal Memories Of The Struggle For Human Rights)	1830-1864	In speaking of the orators and oratory that were evolved by theSlavery issue, there are two names that cannot be omitted. These areAbraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas. It was the good fortune of thewriter to be an eye and ear witness of the closing bout, at Alton,Illinois, between those two political champions in their great debateof 1858. The contrast between the men was remarkable. Lincoln was verytall and spare, standing up, when speaking, straight and stiff.Douglas was short and stumpy, a regular roly-poly man. Lincoln's facewas calm and meek, almost immobile. He referred to it in his addressas "my rather melancholy face." Although plain and somewhat rugged, Inever regarded Lincoln's face as homely. I saw him many times andtalked with him, after the occasion now referred to. It was a goodface, and had many winning lines. Douglas's countenance, on the otherhand, was leonine and full of expression. His was a handsome face.When lighted up by the excitement of debate it could not fail toimpress an audience.										n
42	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	In the 1930s and working independently, American electronic engineer Claude Shannon and Soviet logician Victor Shestakov both showed a one-to-one correspondence between the concepts of Boolean logic and certain electrical circuits, now called logic gates, which are now ubiquitous in digital computers.[55] They showed[56] that electronic relays and switches can realize the expressions of Boolean algebra. This thesis essentially founded practical digital circuit design.										n
217	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty	Liberty	2015	In the Buddhist Maurya Empire of ancient India, citizens of all religions and ethnic groups had some rights to freedom, tolerance, and equality. The need for tolerance on an egalitarian basis can be found in the Edicts of Ashoka the Great, which emphasize the importance of tolerance in public policy by the government. The slaughter or capture of prisoners of war was also condemned by Ashoka.[13] Slavery was also non-existent in the Maurya Empire.[14] However, according to Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, "Ashoka's orders seem to have been resisted right from the beginning."[15]										n
691	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/13176/pg13176.txt	The Abolitionists (Together With Personal Memories Of The Struggle For Human Rights)	1830-1864	In the county in which I lived when a boy, there was one vote polledfor the first Abolitionist presidential ticket. The man who gave itdid not try to hide his responsibility--in fact, he seemed ratherproud of his aloneness--but he was mercilessly guyed on account of thesmallness of his party. His rejoinder was that he thought that he andGod, who was, he believed, with him, made a pretty good-sized andrespectable party.										n
345	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism	Social Darwinism	2015	In The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex of 1882 Darwin described how medical advances meant that the weaker were able to survive and have families, and as he commented on the effects of this, he cautioned that hard reason should not override sympathy and considered how other factors might reduce the effect:										n
402	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4557/pg4557.txt	The Idea Of Progress	1920	In the Discourse on Inequality Rousseau dealt more directly with theeffect of civilisation on happiness. He proposed to explain how it cameabout that right overcame the primitive reign of might, that the strongwere induced to serve the weak, and the people to purchase a fanciedtranquillity at the price of a real felicity. So he stated his problem;and to solve it he had to consider the "state of nature" which Hobbeshad conceived as a state of war and Locke as a state of peace. Rousseauimagines our first savage ancestors living in isolation, wandering inthe forests, occasionally co-operating, and differing from the animalsonly by the possession of a faculty for improving themselves (la facultede se perfectionner). After a stage in which families lived alone ina more or less settled condition, came the formation of groups offamilies, living together in a definite territory, united by a commonmode of life and sustenance, and by the common influence of climate, butwithout laws or government or any social organisation.										n
119	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining	Mining	2015	In the early 20th century, the gold and silver rush to the western United States also stimulated mining for base metals such as copper, lead, and iron as well as coal. Areas in modern Montana, Utah, Arizona, and later Alaska became predominate suppliers of copper to the world, which was increasingly demanding copper for electrical and households goods.[24] Canada's mining industry grew more slowly than did the United States' due to limitations in transportation, capital, and U.S. competition; Ontario was the major producer of the early 20th century with nickel, copper, and gold.[24]										n
116	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining	Mining	2015	In the early colonial history of the Americas, "native gold and silver was quickly expropriated and sent back to Spain in fleets of gold- and silver-laden galleons,"[19] the gold and silver mostly from mines in Central and South America. Turquoise dated at 700 A.D. was mined in pre-Columbian America; in the Cerillos Mining District in New Mexico, estimates are that "about 15,000 tons of rock had been removed from Mt. Chalchihuitl using stone tools before 1700."[20][21]										n
26	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	In the first half of the 20th century, analog computers were considered by many to be the future of computing. These devices used the continuously changeable aspects of physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the problem being solved, in contrast to digital computers that represented varying quantities symbolically, as their numerical values change. As an analog computer does not use discrete values, but rather continuous values, processes cannot be reliably repeated with exact equivalence, as they can with Turing machines.[37]										n
14	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	In the late 1880s, the American Herman Hollerith invented data storage on punched cards that could then be read by a machine.[19] To process these punched cards he invented the tabulator, and the key punch machine. His machines used mechanical relays (and solenoids) to increment mechanical counters. Hollerith's method was used in the 1890 United States Census and the completed results were "... finished months ahead of schedule and far under budget".[20] Indeed, the census was processed years faster than the prior census had been. Hollerith's company eventually became the core of IBM.										n
110	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining	Mining	2015	In the mid-sixteenth century the great attack on mineral deposits spread from central Europe to England. England had iron, zinc, copper, lead, and tin ores. On the continent all mineral deposits belonged to the crown, and this regalian right was stoutly maintained; but in England it was pared down to gold and silver (of which there was virtually none) by a judicial decision of 1568 and a law of 1688. Landlords therefore owned the base metals and coal under their estates and had a strong inducement to extract them or to lease the deposits and collect royalties from mine operators. English, German, and Dutch capital combined to finance extraction and refining. Hundreds of German technicians and skilled workers were brought over; in 1642 a colony of 4,000 foreigners was mining and smelting copper at Keswick in the northwestern mountains.[10]										n
37	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	In the same year, the electro-mechanical bombes were built by British cryptologists to help decipher German Enigma-machine-encrypted secret messages during World War II. The initial design of the bombe was produced in 1939 at the UK Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park by Alan Turing,[46] with an important refinement devised in 1940 by Gordon Welchman.[47] The engineering design and construction was the work of Harold Keen of the British Tabulating Machine Company. It was a substantial development from a device that had been designed in 1938 by Polish Cipher Bureau cryptologist Marian Rejewski, and known as the "cryptologic bomb" (Polish: "bomba kryptologiczna").										n
400	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4557/pg4557.txt	The Idea Of Progress	1920	In the second place, evil is not a permanent necessity. For all evilresults from the non-adaptation of the organism to its conditions;this is true of everything that lives. And it is equally true that evilperpetually tends to disappear. In virtue of an essential principle oflife, this non-adaptation of organisms to their conditions is ever beingrectified, and one or both continue to be modified until the adaptationis perfect. And this applies to the mental as well as to the physicalsphere.										n
348	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism	Social Darwinism	2015	In The Social Organism (1860), Spencer compares society to a living organism and argues that, just as biological organisms evolve through natural selection, society evolves and increases in complexity through analogous processes.										n
330	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism	Anarchism	2015	In the United Kingdom in the 1970s this was associated with the punk rock movement, as exemplified by bands such as Crass and the Sex Pistols. The housing and employment crisis in most of Western Europe led to the formation of communes and squatter movements like that of Barcelona, Spain. In Denmark, squatters occupied a disused military base and declared the Freetown Christiania, an autonomous haven in central Copenhagen. Since the revival of anarchism in the mid 20th century, a number of new movements and schools of thought emerged. Although feminist tendencies have always been a part of the anarchist movement in the form of anarcha-feminism, they returned with vigour during the second wave of feminism in the 1960s. Anarchist anthropologist David Graeber and anarchist historian Andrej Grubacic have posited a rupture between generations of anarchism, with those "who often still have not shaken the sectarian habits" of the 19th century contrasted with the younger activists who are "much more informed, among other elements, by indigenous, feminist, ecological and cultural-critical ideas", and who by the turn of the 21st century formed "by far the majority" of anarchists										n
225	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty	Liberty	2015	In the United States Supreme Court decision Griswold v. Connecticut, Justice William O. Douglas argued that liberties relating to personal relationships, such as marriage, have a unique primacy of place in the hierarchy of freedoms.[19] Jacob M. Appel has summarized this principle: I am grateful that I have rights in the proverbial public square – but, as a practical matter, my most cherished rights are those that I possess in my bedroom and hospital room and death chamber. Most people are far more concerned that they can control their own bodies than they are about petitioning Congress.[20]										n
90	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	In the US, a series of computers at Control Data Corporation (CDC) were designed by Seymour Cray to use innovative designs and parallelism to achieve superior computational peak performance.[117] The CDC 6600, released in 1964, is generally considered the first supercomputer.[118][119] The CDC 6600 outperformed its predecessor, the IBM 7030 Stretch, by about a factor of three. With performance of about 1 megaFLOPS,[120] the CDC 6600 was the world's fastest computer from 1964 to 1969, when it relinquished that status to its successor, the CDC 7600.										n
45	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	In the US, John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford E. Berry of Iowa State University developed and tested the Atanasoff–Berry Computer (ABC) in 1942,[57] the first electronic digital calculating device.[58] This design was also all-electronic, and used about 300 vacuum tubes, with capacitors fixed in a mechanically rotating drum for memory. However, its paper card writer/reader was unreliable, and work on the machine was discontinued. The machine's special-purpose nature and lack of a changeable, stored program distinguish it from modern computers.[59]										n
587	https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/7300/pg7300.txt	Woman And The Republic	1897	In their "History," the leaders not only set forth all the specificcharges in their Declaration of Sentiments, but of this "rebellion such asthe world has never seen" they say: "Men saw that with political equalityfor woman, she could no longer be kept in social subjection. The fear of asocial revolution thus complicated the discussion."										n
199	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page	Larry Page	2015	In their first years in business, Brin served as president, while Page was the chief executive officer until they hired Eric Schmidt as Chairman and CEO of Google in 2001.[36] In January 2011 Google announced that Page would replace Schmidt as CEO in April the same year.[37] On April 4, 2011, Page officially became the chief executive of Google, while Schmidt stepped down to become executive chairman of Google. Page also sits on the Board of Directors of Google.[38]										n
236	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choice	Choice	2015	In this approach, establishing the types of choices makes it possible to identify the related decisions that will influence and constrain a specific choice as well as be influenced and constrained by another choice.										n
391	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4557/pg4557.txt	The Idea Of Progress	1920	In this disconsolate mood he is visited by an apparition, who unveilsthe causes of men's misfortunes and shows that they are due tothemselves. Man is governed by natural invariable laws, and he has onlyto study them to know the springs of his destiny, the causes of hisevils and their remedies. The laws of his nature are self-love, desireof happiness, and aversion to pain; these are the simple and prolificprinciples of everything that happens in the moral world. Man is theartificer of his own fate. He may lament his weakness and folly; but "hehas perhaps still more reason to be confident in his energies when herecollects from what point he has set out and to what heights he hasbeen capable of elevating himself."										n
559	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8077/pg8077.txt	The Mind in the Making: The Relation of Intelligence to Social Reform	1921	In this way the inhabitants of an extensive territory embracinghundreds of thousands of square miles are brought as close together asthe people of Athens in former days. Man Is surely a gregarious animalwho dislikes solitude. He is, moreover, given to the most exaggeratedestimate of his tribe; and on these ancient foundations modernnationality has been built up by means of the printing press, thetelegraph, and cheap postage. _So it has fallen out that just when theworld was becoming effectively cosmopolitan in its economicinterdependence, its scientific research, and its exchange of booksand art, the ancient tribal insolence has been developed on astupendous scale._										n
264	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage	Sabotage	2015	In war, the word is used to describe the activity of an individual or group not associated with the military of the parties at war, such as a foreign agent or an indigenous supporter, in particular when actions result in the destruction or damaging of a productive or vital facility, such as equipment, factories, dams, public services, storage plants or logistic routes. Prime examples of such sabotage are the events of Black Tom and the Kingsland Explosion. Like spies, saboteurs who conduct a military operation in civilian clothes or enemy uniforms behind enemy lines are subject to prosecution and criminal penalties instead of detention as prisoners of war.[7][8] It is common for a government in power during war or supporters of the war policy to use the term loosely against opponents of the war. Similarly, German nationalists spoke of a stab in the back having cost them the loss of World War I.[9]										n
706	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/13176/pg13176.txt	The Abolitionists (Together With Personal Memories Of The Struggle For Human Rights)	1830-1864	Indifference in regard to the rights of peoples of color isunfortunately not the only nor even the greatest charge to be laid atthe door of the Republican party. It may be asserted that this partyhas become an active aggressor in trampling down the liberties ofcolored peoples. As the assignee of Spain in taking over (withoutconsulting those who were most concerned) the control of the territoryof the Philippine Islands, it has purchased (and has paid cash for)the right to dominate from eight to ten millions of people. Thesepeople may, under the existing conditions, be described as being in astate of slavery. If a foreign people, say a people coming from theother side of the globe, should treat Americans as we have treated theFilipinos, should deny to us the right of self-government, should sendgreat armies to chastise us for disobedience (or for what they mightcall "rebellion"), and should do this for no better reason than thatour skin was darker or lighter than their own, we Americans woulddoubtless consider ourselves to be in a state of slavery. Why in anysense is slavery in Luzon more defensible than slavery in SouthCarolina or in Alabama? If it be wrong to keep in slavery the blackman in America (as in theory at least we are all now agreed it iswrong), what is the justice in depriving of his freedom thebrown-skinned Tagal? Can a bill of sale from Spain give to us any suchprivilege, if privilege it may be called? Can an agreement with Spainbring to naught our responsibilities under our own Declaration ofIndependence?										n
493	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22306/pg22306.txt	Human Traits and their Social Significance	1920	INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES										n
249	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choice	Choice	2015	Individual personality plays a significant role in how individuals deal with large choice set sizes. Psychologists have developed a personality test that determines where an individual lies on the satisficer-maximizer spectrum. A maximizer is one who always seeks the very best option from a choice set, and may anguish after the choice is made as to whether it was indeed the best. Satisficers may set high standards but are content with a good choice, and place less priority on making the best choice. Due to this different approach to decision-making, maximizers are more likely to avoid making a choice when the choice set size is large, probably to avoid the anguish associated with not knowing whether their choice was optimal.[20] One study looked at whether the differences in choice satisfaction between the two are partially due to a difference in willingness to commit to one’s choices. It found that maximizers reported a stronger preference for retaining the ability to revise choices. Additionally, after making a choice to buy a poster, satisficers offered higher ratings of their chosen poster and lower ratings of the rejected alternatives. Maximizers, however, were less likely to change their impressions of the posters after making their choice which left them less satisfied with their decision.[21]										n
504	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22306/pg22306.txt	Human Traits and their Social Significance	1920	INSTRUCTOR IN PHILOSOPHY, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY										n
139	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marissa_Mayer&printable=yes	Marissa Mayer	2015	Intending to become a pediatric neurosurgeon,[27] Mayer took pre-med classes at Stanford University.[22] She later switched her major from pediatric neuroscience to symbolic systems.[28] At Stanford, she danced in the university ballet’s Nutcracker, was a member of parliamentary debate, volunteered at children’s hospitals, and helped bring computer-science education to Bermuda’s schools.[29] During her junior year, she taught a class in symbolic systems, with Eric S. Roberts as her supervisor. The class was so well received by students that Roberts asked Mayer to teach another class over the summer.[22] Mayer went on to graduate with honors from Stanford with a B.S. in 1997[28][29] and an M.S. in computer science in 1999.[30] For both degrees, her specialization was in artificial intelligence. For her undergraduate thesis, she built travel-recommendation software that advised users in natural-sounding human language.[27] In 2009, the Illinois Institute of Technology granted Mayer an honoris causa doctorate degree in recognition of her work in the field of search.[31][32]										n
332	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism	Anarchism	2015	International anarchist federations in existence include the International of Anarchist Federations, the International Workers' Association, and International Libertarian Solidarity. The largest organised anarchist movement today is in Spain, in the form of the Confederación General del Trabajo (CGT) and the CNT. CGT membership was estimated at around 100,000 for 2003. Other active syndicalist movements include in Sweden the Central Organisation of the Workers of Sweden and the Swedish Anarcho-syndicalist Youth Federation; the CNT-AIT in France; the Union Sindicale Italiana in Italy; in the US Workers Solidarity Alliance and the UK Solidarity Federation and Anarchist Federation. The revolutionary industrial unionist Industrial Workers of the World, claiming 2,000 paying members, and the International Workers Association, an anarcho-syndicalist successor to the First International, also remain active.										n
525	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/29508/pg29508.txt	The Ethics of Cooperation	1918	IS CIVILIZATION A DISEASE?By STANTON COIT.										n
521	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/29508/pg29508.txt	The Ethics of Cooperation	1918	Is the economic process too desperate a field for larger motives? To meit seems less desperate than the field of government in the days ofautocratic kings. One great need is to substitute a different standardof success for the financial gains which have seemed the only test. Ourschools of commerce are aiming to perform this service, by introducingprofessional standards. A physician is measured by his ability to curethe sick, an engineer by the soundness of his bridge and ship; why notmeasure a railroad president by his ability to supply coal in winter,to run trains on time, and decrease the cost of freight, rather than byhis private accumulations? Why not measure a merchant or banker bysimilar tests?										n
451	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/33944/pg33944.txt	How to Observe Morals and Manners	1838	It appears that popular songs are both the cause and effect of generalmorals: that they are first formed, and then react. In both points ofview they serve as an index of popular morals. The ballads of a peoplepresent us, not only with vivid pictures of the common objects which arebefore their eyes,--given with more familiarity than would suit anyother style of composition,--but they present also the most prevalentfeelings on subjects of the highest popular interest. If it were not so,they would not have been popular songs. The traveller cannot be wrong inconcluding that he sees a faithful reflection of the mind of a people intheir ballads. When he possesses the popular songs of former centuries,he holds the means of transporting himself back to the scenes of theancient world, and finds himself a spectator of its most activeproceedings. Wars are waged beneath his eye, and the events of the chasegrow to a grandeur which is not dreamed of now. Love, the passion of alltimes, and the staple of all songs, varies in its expression amongevery people and in every age, and appears still another and yet thesame. The lady of ballads is always worthy of love and song; but thereare instructive differences in the treatment she receives. Sometimes sheis oppressed by a harsh parent; sometimes wrongfully accused by a wickedservant, or a false knight; sometimes her soft nature is exasperatedinto revenge; sometimes she is represented as fallen, but always, inthat case, as enduring retribution. Upon the whole, the testimony isstrong in favour of bravery in men, and purity in women, and constancyin both;--and this in the whole range of popular poetry, from ancientArabic effusions, through centuries of European song, up to the Indianchants which may yet be heard on the shores of the wide western lakes.The distinguishing attributes of great men bear a strong resemblance,from the days when all Greece rang with the musical celebration ofHarmodius and Aristogiton, through the age of Charlemagne, up to thetriumphs of Bolivar: and women have been adored for the same qualities,however variously set forth, from the virgin with gazelle eyes of threethousand years ago, to the dames who witnessed the conflicts of the HolyLand, and onwards to the squaw who calls upon her husband not to forgether in the world of spirits, and to our Burns' Highland Mary.										n
54	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	It combined the high speed of electronics with the ability to be programmed for many complex problems. It could add or subtract 5000 times a second, a thousand times faster than any other machine. It also had modules to multiply, divide, and square root. High speed memory was limited to 20 words (about 80 bytes). Built under the direction of John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert at the University of Pennsylvania, ENIAC's development and construction lasted from 1943 to full operation at the end of 1945. The machine was huge, weighing 30 tons, using 200 kilowatts of electric power and contained over 18,000 vacuum tubes, 1,500 relays, and hundreds of thousands of resistors, capacitors, and inductors.[70] One of its major engineering feats was to minimize the effects of tube burnout, which was a common problem in machine reliability at that time. The machine was in almost constant use for the next ten years.										n
477	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/33944/pg33944.txt	How to Observe Morals and Manners	1838	It is a mistake, however, to suppose that the study shown to berequisite is vast and deep. Some knowledge of the principles of Moralsand the rule of Manners is required, as in the case of other sciences tobe brought into use on a similar occasion; but the principles are fewand simple, and the rule easy of application.										n
626	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1228/pg1228.txt	On the Origin of species	1859	It is just possible by my theory, that one of two living forms mighthave descended from the other; for instance, a horse from a tapir; andin this case DIRECT intermediate links will have existed between them.But such a case would imply that one form had remained for a very longperiod unaltered, whilst its descendants had undergone a vast amount ofchange; and the principle of competition between organism and organism,between child and parent, will render this a very rare event; for in allcases the new and improved forms of life will tend to supplant the oldand unimproved forms.										n
375	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4557/pg4557.txt	The Idea Of Progress	1920	It is not Fortune who governs the world, as we see from the history ofthe Romans. There are general causes, moral or physical, which operatein every monarchy, raise it, maintain it, or overthrow it; all thatoccurs is subject to these causes; and if a particular cause, like theaccidental result of a battle, has ruined a state, there was a generalcause which made the downfall of this state ensue from a single battle.In a word, the principal movement (l'allure principale) draws with itall the particular occurrences.										n
510	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22306/pg22306.txt	Human Traits and their Social Significance	1920	It is the worst of political blunders to insist on carrying an idealset of principles into execution, where others have rights of dissent,and those others persons whose assent is as indispensable to successas it is difficult to attain. But to be afraid or ashamed of holdingsuch an ideal set of principles in one's mind in their highest and mostabstract expression, does more than any other one cause to stunt orpetrify those elements of character to which life should owe most ofits savor.[1]										n
379	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4557/pg4557.txt	The Idea Of Progress	1920	It is this state, which was reached only after a long period, not theoriginal state of nature, that Rousseau considers to have been thehappiest period of the human race.										n
673	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2162/pg2162.txt	Anarchism and other essays	1910	It may be said that because woman recognizes the awful toll she ismade to pay to the Church, State, and the home, she wants suffrage toset herself free. That may be true of the few; the majority ofsuffragists repudiate utterly such blasphemy. On the contrary, theyinsist always that it is woman suffrage which will make her a betterChristian and homekeeper, a staunch citizen of the State. Thussuffrage is only a means of strengthening the omnipotence of the veryGods that woman has served from time immemorial.										n
604	https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/7300/pg7300.txt	Woman And The Republic	1897	It seems at first thought as if there were no direct connection betweenvoting and social questions of sex; but I am following the lead of mySuffrage texts. Others who attempt the discussion are led to the samethemes. Dr. Jacobi, in her book, says: "The problem is, to show why, in arepresentative system based on the double principle that all theintelligence in the state shall be enlisted for its welfare, and all theweakness in the state represented for its own defence, women, being oftenintelligent, and often weak, and always persons in the community, shouldnot also be represented." In replying to the anti-suffrage arguments ofProf. Goldwin Smith, she says: "Do sex relations depend upon acts ofParliament or constitutional amendments? Can women marry a ballot, orembrace the franchise, otherwise than by a questionable figure of speech?Must adultery and infanticide necessarily be favored by the decisions offemale jurors? Is divorce legislation, as arranged by the exclusive wisdomof men, now so satisfactory that women--who must perforce be involved inevery case--should always modestly refrain from attempting amendment? Thisentire class of considerations, however irrelevant to the issue, may begrouped together and considered together, because, to a large class ofminds--the rudest, quite as much as those of Mr. Smith's cultivation--theyare the considerations that do come to the front whenever equal rights aresuggested." She adds that the reason they come to the front is, "that men,accustomed to think of men as possessing sex attributes and other thingsbesides, are accustomed to think of women as having sex and nothing else."										n
69	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	It was finally delivered to the U.S. Army's Ballistics Research Laboratory at the Aberdeen Proving Ground in August 1949, but due to a number of problems, the computer only began operation in 1951, and then only on a limited basis.										n
386	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4557/pg4557.txt	The Idea Of Progress	1920	It was not indeed to be expected that the theory should have the samekind of success, or exert the same kind of effect in England as inFrance. England had her revolution behind her, France had hersbefore her. England enjoyed what were then considered large politicalliberties, the envy of other lands; France groaned under the tyranny ofworthless rulers. The English constitution satisfied the nation, andthe serious abuses which would now appear to us intolerable were notsufficient to awaken a passionate desire for reforms. The generaltendency of British thought was to see salvation in the stabilityof existing institutions, and to regard change with suspicion. Nowpassionate desire for reform was the animating force which propagatedthe idea of Progress in France. And when this idea is translated fromthe atmosphere of combat, in which it was developed by French menof letters, into the calm climate of England, it appears like a coldreflection.										n
574	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8077/pg8077.txt	The Mind in the Making: The Relation of Intelligence to Social Reform	1921	It was religious and mystical thought which, in contrast to thesecular philosophy of the Greeks and the scientific thought of our ownday, dominated the intellectual life of the Middle Ages.										n
75	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	It was widely used in the CPUs and floating-point units of mainframe and other computers; it was implemented for the first time in EDSAC 2,[94] which also used multiple identical "bit slices" to simplify design. Interchangeable, replaceable tube assemblies were used for each bit of the processor.[95]										n
385	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4557/pg4557.txt	The Idea Of Progress	1920	It will be observed that Spencer's doctrine of perfectibility rests onan entirely different basis from the doctrine of the eighteenth century.It is one thing to deduce it from an abstract psychology whichholds that human nature is unresistingly plastic in the hands of thelegislator and the instructor. It is another to argue that human natureis subject to the general law of change, and that the process by whichit slowly but continuously tends to adapt itself more and more to theconditions of social life--children inheriting the acquired aptitudesof their parents--points to an ultimate harmony. Here profitablelegislation and education are auxiliary to the process of unconsciousadaptation, and respond to the psychological changes in the community,changes which reveal themselves in public opinion.										n
350	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism	Social Darwinism	2015	Jeff Riggenbach argues that Spencer's view was that culture and education made a sort of Lamarckism possible and notes that Herbert Spencer was a proponent of private charity.										n
190	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page	Larry Page	2015	John Battelle, co-founder of Wired magazine, wrote that Page had reasoned that the entire Web was loosely based on the premise of citation – after all, what is a link but a citation? If he could devise a method to count and qualify each backlink on the Web, as Page puts it "the Web would become a more valuable place".[17]										n
211	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty	Liberty	2015	John Locke (1632–1704) rejected that definition of liberty. While not specifically mentioning Hobbes, he attacks Sir Robert Filmer who had the same definition. According to Locke: “In the state of nature, liberty consists of being free from any superior power on Earth. People are not under the will or lawmaking authority of others but have only the law of nature for their rule. In political society, liberty consists of being under no other lawmaking power except that established by consent in the commonwealth. People are free from the dominion of any will or legal restraint apart from that enacted by their own constituted lawmaking power according to the trust put in it. Thus, freedom is not as Sir Robert Filmer defines it: ‘A liberty for everyone to do what he likes, to live as he pleases, and not to be tied by any laws.’ Freedom is constrained by laws in both the state of nature and political society. Freedom of nature is to be under no other restraint but the law of nature. Freedom of people under government is to be under no restraint apart from standing rules to live by that are common to everyone in the society and made by the lawmaking power established in it. Persons have a right or liberty to (1) follow their own will in all things that the law has not prohibited and (2) not be subject to the inconstant, uncertain, unknown, and arbitrary wills of others."[5]										n
212	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty	Liberty	2015	John Stuart Mill (1806–1873), in his work, On Liberty, was the first to recognize the difference between liberty as the freedom to act and liberty as the absence of coercion.[6] In his book, Two Concepts of Liberty, Isaiah Berlin formally framed the differences between these two perspectives as the distinction between two opposite concepts of liberty: positive liberty and negative liberty. The latter designates a negative condition in which an individual is protected from tyranny and the arbitrary exercise of authority, while the former refers to having the means or opportunity, rather than the lack of restraint, to do things.										n
690	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/13176/pg13176.txt	The Abolitionists (Together With Personal Memories Of The Struggle For Human Rights)	1830-1864	Julian, Geo. W., _Political Recollections_, 177.										n
677	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2162/pg2162.txt	Anarchism and other essays	1910	Just at present our good people are shocked by the disclosures thatin New York City alone, one out of every ten women works in afactory, that the average wage received by women is six dollars perweek for forty-eight to sixty hours of work, and that the majority offemale wage workers face many months of idleness which leaves theaverage wage about $280 a year. In view of these economic horrors,is it to be wondered at that prostitution and the white slave tradehave become such dominant factors?										n
135	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining	Mining	2015	Large drills are used to sink shafts, excavate stopes, and obtain samples for analysis. Trams are used to transport miners, minerals and waste. Lifts carry miners into and out of mines, and move rock and ore out, and machinery in and out, of underground mines. Huge trucks, shovels and cranes are employed in surface mining to move large quantities of overburden and ore. Processing plants utilize large crushers, mills, reactors, roasters and other equipment to consolidate the mineral-rich material and extract the desired compounds and metals from the ore.										n
184	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page	Larry Page	2015	Lawrence "Larry" Page[2] (born March 26, 1973) is an American computer scientist and internet entrepreneur who is the CEO and co-founder of Google, alongside Sergey Brin. Page was CEO of Google from the companys founding in 1998 until 2001. Between 2001 and 2011, Page was President of Products at Google.[3]										n
437	https://www.gutenberg.org/files/31529/31529-0.txt	Modern Marriage and How To Bear It	1908	Leasehold marriage was one of the customs of early Roman society.Nowadays it has a revolutionary savour, and is so apparentlyimpracticable that it would be hardly necessary to do more than touchupon it here, but for the fact that its most recent and mostdistinguished advocate in modern times is Mr George Meredith. Anysuggestion from such a source must necessarily receive carefulconsideration. It was also advanced by the great philosopher Locke,and was considered by Milton.										n
16	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	Leslie Comrie's articles on punched card methods and W.J. Eckert's publication of Punched Card Methods in Scientific Computation in 1940, described punch card techniques sufficiently advanced to solve some differential equations[23] or perform multiplication and division using floating point representations, all on punched cards and unit record machines. Such machines were used during World War II for cryptographic statistical processing, as well as a vast number of administrative uses. The Astronomical Computing Bureau, Columbia University performed astronomical calculations representing the state of the art in computing.[24][25]										n
222	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty	Liberty	2015	Liberalism is a political philosophy that stresses the freedom of the individual, both from government and from the power of the upper class. Within this context, the government has a responsibility to ensure individual liberty while at the same time improving the situation of those with the least advantage. In this sense, we can understand economic liberalism as the right of the individual to contract, trade and operate in a market free of constraint and social liberalism as the belief that liberalism should include social justice. Both are core political beliefs, and the tension between them causes considerable controversy.[17]										n
224	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty	Liberty	2015	Liberty has also been considered in the context of the environment of space. The extreme conditions of space create an environment in which individual freedom is likely to be severely constrained despite the vast spatial scales of interplanetary space. As more private and national organisations explore space, so this perspective has become highly relevant [18]										n
209	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty	Liberty	2015	Liberty in philosophy, involves free will as contrasted with determinism.[1] In politics, liberty consists of the social and political freedoms guaranteed to all citizens.[2] In theology, liberty is freedom from the bondage of sin.[3]										n
714	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/13176/pg13176.txt	The Abolitionists (Together With Personal Memories Of The Struggle For Human Rights)	1830-1864	Lincoln's voice, on the contrary, was without a quaver or a sign ofhuskiness. He had been speaking in the open air exactly as much asDouglas, but it was perfectly fresh, not a particle strained. It was aperfect voice.										n
374	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4557/pg4557.txt	The Idea Of Progress	1920	Looking back on the course of the inquiry, we note how the history ofthe idea has been connected with the growth of modern science, with thegrowth of rationalism, and with the struggle for political and religiousliberty. The precursors (Bodin and Bacon) lived at a time when the worldwas consciously emancipating itself from the authority of tradition andit was being discovered that liberty is a difficult theoretical problem.The idea took definite shape in France when the old scheme of theuniverse had been shattered by the victory of the new astronomy and theprestige of Providence, CUNCTA SUPERCILIO MOUENTIS, was paling beforethe majesty of the immutable laws of nature. There began a slow butsteady reinstatement of the kingdom of this world. The otherworldlydreams of theologians,										n
710	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/13176/pg13176.txt	The Abolitionists (Together With Personal Memories Of The Struggle For Human Rights)	1830-1864	Lovejoy, Elijah P., shooting of, 32, 89, 114-115, 161.										n
258	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage	Sabotage	2015	Luddites and radical labor unions such as the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) have advocated sabotage as a means of self-defense and direct action against unfair working conditions.										n
173	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry	Textile Industry	2015	Major changes came to the textile industry during the 20th century, with continuing technological innovations in machinery, synthetic fibre, logistics, and globalization of the business. The business model that had dominated the industry for centuries was to change radically. Cotton and wool producers were not the only source for fibres, as chemical companies created new synthetic fibres that had superior qualities for many uses, such as rayon, invented in 1910, and DuPont's nylon, invented in 1935 as in inexpensive silk substitute, and used for products ranging from women's stockings to tooth brushes and military parachutes.										n
704	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/13176/pg13176.txt	The Abolitionists (Together With Personal Memories Of The Struggle For Human Rights)	1830-1864	Many of the Germans of Missouri had seen service in the Old World.They had served under Sigel in the struggle of 1848. They foundthemselves under Sigel again. It was with the step and bearing ofveterans that they marched (the writer was an eye-witness) in May of1861, only a few days after Sumter had been fired on, to open themilitary ball in the West at Camp Jackson, near St. Louis.										n
87	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	Many second-generation CPUs delegated peripheral device communications to a secondary processor. For example, while the communication processor controlled card reading and punching, the main CPU executed calculations and binary branch instructions. One databus would bear data between the main CPU and core memory at the CPU's fetch-execute cycle rate, and other databusses would typically serve the peripheral devices. On the PDP-1, the core memory's cycle time was 5 microseconds; consequently most arithmetic instructions took 10 microseconds (100,000 operations per second) because most operations took at least two memory cycles; one for the instruction, one for the operand data fetch.	3	0	seems rather neutral to me	6	0		9	0	I wrote 0 but perhaps it could be 1 if we would consider computing as a paternalist field.	0
136	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marissa_Mayer&printable=yes	Marissa Mayer	2015	Marissa Ann Mayer (/ˈmaɪər/;[9] born May 30, 1975) is the current president and CEO of Yahoo!, a position she has held since July 2012. Previously, she was a long-time executive and key spokesperson for Google.[10][11][12] Mayer was ranked eighth on the list of America's most powerful businesswomen of 2013 by Fortune magazine [13] as well as 16th most powerful business woman in the world in 2014 according to the same publication. [14]	3	1	only rated on heir performance in a mail dominated environment against patriarchal standards ('power', 'rank' etc etc)	6	1	had first sip of third coffee today	9	1	I first wrote 0 as it appears to be neutral but by quoting Fortune magazine, 1 seems more appropriate	1
197	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page	Larry Page	2015	Mark Malseed wrote, "Soliciting funds from faculty members, family and friends, Brin and Page scraped together enough to buy some servers and rent that famous garage in Menlo Park. ... [soon after], Sun Microsystems co-founder Andy Bechtolsheim wrote a $100,000 check to 'Google, Inc.' The only problem was, 'Google, Inc.' did not yet exist—the company hadn't yet been incorporated. For two weeks, as they handled the paperwork, the young men had nowhere to deposit the money."[27]	3	0		6	0		9	1	putting emphasis on lack of resources and lack of business knowledge	0
250	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choice	Choice	2015	Maximizers are less happy in life, perhaps due to their obsession with making optimal choices in a society where people are frequently confronted with choice.[22] One study found that maximizers reported significantly less life satisfaction, happiness, optimism, and self-esteem, and significantly more regret and depression, than did satisficers. In regards to buying products, maximizers were less satisfied with consumer decisions and were more regretful. They were also more likely to engage in social comparison, where they analyze their relative social standing among their peers, and to be more affected by social comparisons in which others appeared to be in higher standing than them. For example, maximizers who saw their peer solve puzzles faster than themselves expressed greater doubt about their own abilities and showed a larger increase in negative mood.[23] On the other hand, people who refrain from taking better choices through drugs or other forms of escapism tend to be much happier in life.	3	1	maximizing limits the abilities of others	6	1	perhaps is an assumption on the part of the writer without	9	1	judgement over people's life choices through the use of classification (who/how people are classified) ?	1
149	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marissa_Mayer&printable=yes	Marissa Mayer	2015	Mayer dated Google co-founder Larry Page in the early 2000s.[39] Mayer married lawyer and investor Zachary Bogue on December 12, 2009.[75][76] On the day Yahoo announced her hiring, Mayer revealed that she was pregnant[77][78][79] and Mayer gave birth to a baby boy on September 30, 2012.[80] Although she asked for suggestions via social media,[81] the name Macallister was eventually chosen for her baby's name from an existing list.[82]	3	0		6	1	Mayer is described in terms of who she dated	9	1	emphasis on private/domestic life for a woman	1
140	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marissa_Mayer&printable=yes	Marissa Mayer	2015	Mayer interned at SRI International in Menlo Park, California, and Ubilab, UBS's research lab based in Zurich, Switzerland.[27][33] She holds several patents in artificial intelligence and interface design.[34][35]	3	0		6	0	Matter-of-factly	9	0		0
150	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marissa_Mayer&printable=yes	Marissa Mayer	2015	Mayer is Lutheran,[7] but said, referencing Vince Lombardi's "Your God, your family and the Green Bay Packers" quote, her priorities are “God, family and Yahoo, except I'm not that religious, so it's really family and Yahoo.”[83] In August 2013, Business Insider reported that Mayer lives in a penthouse suite at the Four Seasons Hotel in San Francisco with her husband and son.[22]	3	1	'god, family, yahoo'	6	1	finished a coffee cup, slightly jittery	9	1	different elements in these fragments : direct quotes from her + element that is « reported » by a magazine. Also emphasis on capitalism, family values, religion	1
137	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marissa_Mayer&printable=yes	Marissa Mayer	2015	Mayer was born in Wausau, Wisconsin, the daughter of Margaret Mayer, an art teacher of Finnish descent,[15] and Michael Mayer, an environmental engineer who worked for water companies.[16][17][18] Her grandfather, Clem Mayer, had polio when he was 7 and served as mayor of Jackson, Wisconsin for 32 years.[19][20][21] As a child, Mayer was "painfully shy" and was a Brownie.[22] During middle school and high school, she took piano and ballet lessons, the latter which taught her "criticism and discipline, poise and confidence."[22]	3	0		6	0		9	1	different levels of information, mixing facts and stereotypes (shy/ballet/piano for a young girl)	0
148	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marissa_Mayer&printable=yes	Marissa Mayer	2015	Mayer was named to Fortune magazine's annual list of America's 50 Most Powerful Women in Business in 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 with ranks at 50, 44, 42, 38, 14 and 8 respectively.[71] In 2008, at age 33, she was the youngest woman ever listed. Mayer was named one of Glamour Magazine 's Women of the Year in 2009.[72]She was listed in Forbes Magazine's List of The World's 100 Most Powerful Women in 2012, 2013 and 2014, with ranks of 20, 32 and 18 respectively. In September 2013, Mayer became the first CEO of a Fortune 500 company to be featured in a Vogue magazine spread.[16] In 2013, she was also named in the Time 100 and became the first woman listed as number one on Fortune magazine's annual list of the top 40 business stars under 40 years old.[73] Mayer eventually made Fortune magazine history in 2013, as the only person to feature in all three of its annual lists during the same year: Businessperson of the Year (No. 10), Most Powerful Women (at No. 8), and 40 Under 40 (No. 1) at the same time.[74]	3	1	only rated on heir performance in a mail dominated environment against patriarchal standards ('power', 'rank' etc etc)	6	1	Mayer is the exceptional woman	9	1	emphasis on power, youth, fashion	1
143	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marissa_Mayer&printable=yes	Marissa Mayer	2015	Mayer was the Vice President of Google Product Search until the end of 2010, when she was moved by then-CEO Eric Schmidt to head the Local, Maps, and Location Services.[43][47]In 2011, she secured Google's acquisition of survey site Zagat for $125 million.[43]While Mayer was working at Google, she taught introductory computer programming at Stanford and mentored students at the East Palo Alto Charter School.[27] She was awarded the Centennial Teaching Award and the Forsythe Award from Stanford.[48]	3	-1	Emphasis on sharing knowledge	6	0	mentioning that she was teaching	9	-1	feminist. emphasis on career, professional skills and skills sharing practices	-1
120	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining	Mining	2015	Meanwhile, Australia experienced the Australian gold rushes and by the 1850s was producing 40% of the world's gold, followed by the establishment of large mines such as the Mount Morgan Mine, which ran for nearly a hundred years, Broken Hill ore deposit (one of the largest zinc-lead ore deposits), and the iron ore mines at Iron Knob. After declines in production, another boom in mining occurred in the 1960s. Now, in the early 21st century, Australia remains a major world mineral producer.[25]	3	1	had brief discussion about it, consensu	6	0	took into consideration that the article is about mining. Pointing out large gold sources is helpful information	9	1	wondering whether it's 0 or 1. I guess I choose 1 because of the constant emphasis on its importance (big/large/major...)	1
58	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	Meanwhile, John von Neumann at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, circulated his First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC in 1945. Although substantially similar to Turing's design and containing comparatively little engineering detail, the computer architecture it outlined became known as the "von Neumann architecture". Turing presented a more detailed paper to the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) Executive Committee in 1946, giving the first reasonably complete design of a stored-program computer, a device he called the Automatic Computing Engine (ACE). However, the better-known EDVAC design of John von Neumann, who knew of Turing's theoretical work, received more publicity, despite its incomplete nature and questionable lack of attribution of the sources of some of the ideas.[38]	3	-1	nuancing the dominance of the expression 'von neumann architecture'	6	1	a bias	9	1	on which research/quotes/etc is based the comparison between ace/edvac ?	1
30	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	Mechanical devices were also used to aid the accuracy of aerial bombing. Drift Sight was the first such aid, developed by Harry Wimperis in 1916 for the Royal Naval Air Service; it measured the wind speed from the air, and used that measurement to calculate the wind's effects on the trajectory of the bombs. The system was later improved with the Course Setting Bomb Sight, and reached a climax with World War II bomb sights, Mark XIV bomb sight (RAF Bomber Command) and the Norden[41] (United States Army Air Forces).	3	0		6	0		9	1	paternalist vocabulary in some sentences	0
489	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22306/pg22306.txt	Human Traits and their Social Significance	1920	MENTAL ACTIVITY. Just as physical activity is a characteristicof all living beings, so, from almost earliest infancy ofhuman beings, is mental activity. This does not mean thatindividuals from their babyhood are continually solving problems.Deliberation and reflection are simply the mature anddisciplined control of what goes on during all of our wakinghours--random play of the fancy, imagination. We are notalways controlling our thought, but so long as we are awakesomething is, as we say, passing through our heads. Everythingthat happens about us provokes some suggestion or idea."Day-dreaming, building of castles in the air, that loose fluxof casual and disconnected material that floats through ourminds in relaxed moments, are, in this random sense, _thinking_.More of our waking life than we should care to admit, even toourselves, is likely to be whiled away in this inconsequentialtrifling with idle fancy and unsubstantial hope."[1]	3	1	'idle fancy, unsubstantial hope'	6	1	“this does not mean that”	9	1	the extract is difficult to read (no clear beginning, unlike the wikipedia extract) but it focuses on paternalist values	1
213	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty	Liberty	2015	Mill offered insight into the notions of soft tyranny and mutual liberty with his harm principle.[7] It can be seen as important to understand these concepts when discussing liberty since they all represent little pieces of the greater puzzle known as freedom. In a philosophical sense, it can be said that morality must supersede tyranny in any legitimate form of government. Otherwise, people are left with a societal system rooted in backwardness, disorder, and regression.	3	1		6	1	the notion of morality+otherwise	9	1	the style of the text is problematic (regarless of the content which is problematic in its own sense : “morality”) : “it can be seen”, “it can be said”, “must”...	1
108	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining	Mining	2015	Mining as an industry underwent dramatic changes in medieval Europe. The mining industry in the early Middle Ages was mainly focused on the extraction of copper and iron. Other precious metals were also used mainly for gilding or coinage. Initially, many metals were obtained through open-pit mining, and ore was primarily extracted from shallow depths, rather than though the digging of deep mine shafts. Around the 14th century, the demand for weapons, armour, stirrups, and horseshoes greatly increased the demand for iron. Medieval knights, for example, were often laden with up to 100 pounds of plate or chain link armour in addition to swords, lances and other weapons.[8] The overwhelming dependency on iron for military purposes helped to spur increased iron production and extraction processes.	3	1	industry in the middle ages?	6	0		9	1	For most of the fragment, it seems rather neutral (my first annotation was 0), but it concentrates on usage of weapons, instead of other uses of products made with mined material. So perhaps it's more like 0.7 ? or 0.5 ?	1
103	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining	Mining	2015	Mining in Egypt occurred in the earliest dynasties. The gold mines of Nubia were among the largest and most extensive of any in Ancient Egypt, and are described by the Greek author Diodorus Siculus. He mentions that fire-setting was one method used to break down the hard rock holding the gold. One of the complexes is shown in one of the earliest known maps. The miners crushed the ore and ground it to a fine powder before washing the powder for the gold dust.	3	0		6	0		9	0	there are ambiguities with some elements of vocabularies but i go for 0 this time	0
104	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining	Mining	2015	Mining in Europe has a very long history. Examples include the silver mines of Laurium, which helped support the Greek city state of Athens. However, it is the Romans who developed large scale mining methods, especially the use of large volumes of water brought to the minehead by numerous aqueducts. The water was used for a variety of purposes, including removing overburden and rock debris, called hydraulic mining, as well as washing comminuted, or crushed, ores and driving simple machinery.	3	0		6	0		9	0	there are ambiguities with some elements of vocabularies but i go for 0 this time	0
113	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining	Mining	2015	Mining in the Philippines began around 1000 BC. The early Filipinos worked various mines of gold, silver, copper and iron. Jewels, gold ingots, chains, calombigas and earrings were handed down from antiquity and inherited from their ancestors. Gold dagger handles, gold dishes, tooth plating, and huge gold ornamets were also used.[14] In Laszlo Legeza's "Tantric elements in pre-Hispanic Philippines Gold Art", he mentioned that gold jewelry of Philippine origin was found in Ancient Egypt.[14] According to Antonio Pigafetta, the people of Mindoro possessed great skill in mixing gold with other metals and gave it a natural and perfect appearance that could deceive even the best of silversmiths.[14] The natives were also known for the jewelries made of other precious stones such as carnelian, agate and pearl. Some outstanding examples of Philippine jewelry included necklaces, belts, armlets and rings placed around the waist.	3	-1		6	0		9	1	many references to colonialism	0
117	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining	Mining	2015	Mining in the United States became prevalent in the 19th century, and the General Mining Act of 1872 was passed to encourage mining of federal lands.[22] As with the California Gold Rush in the mid-19th century, mining for minerals and precious metals, along with ranching, was a driving factor in the Westward Expansion to the Pacific coast. With the exploration of the West, mining camps were established and "expressed a distinctive spirit, an enduring legacy to the new nation;" Gold Rushers would experience the same problems as the Land Rushers of the transient West that preceded them.[23] Aided by railroads, many traveled West for work opportunities in mining. Western cities such as Denver and Sacramento originated as mining towns.	3	0		6	0		9	1	capitalist narrative	0
96	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining	Mining	2015	Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth from an orebody, lode, vein, seam, or reef, which forms the mineralized package of economic interest to the miner.	3	1	doesn't mention that mining is violence	6	0		9	1	focus on economic value and creation of capital	1
98	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining	Mining	2015	Mining of stone and metal has been done since pre-historic times. Modern mining processes involve prospecting for ore bodies, analysis of the profit potential of a proposed mine, extraction of the desired materials, and final reclamation of the land after the mine is closed.	3	1		6	0		9	1	focus on economic value and creation of capital	1
127	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining	Mining	2015	Mining techniques can be divided into two common excavation types: surface mining and sub-surface (underground) mining. Today, surface mining is much more common, and produces, for example, 85% of minerals (excluding petroleum and natural gas) in the United States, including 98% of metallic ores.[26]	3	0		6	0		9	0	it seems rather neutral, though I'm not totally sure	0
298	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism	Anarchism	2015	Modern anarchism sprang from the secular or religious thought of the Enlightenment, particularly Jean-Jacques Rousseau's arguments for the moral centrality of freedom.	3	1	singular genealogy, discussion had	6	1		9	1	the idea of claiming one genealogy (not opening toward other philosophies, practices , actions...) is paternalist	1
221	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty	Liberty	2015	Modern conceptions of democracy are founded on the idea of popular sovereignty.	3	1		6	1	whatever happened to equality	9	1	vocabulary issues : founded for instance	1
416	https://www.gutenberg.org/files/31529/31529-0.txt	Modern Marriage and How To Bear It	1908	Most girls are aware from a very early age of the social advantages andimportance of marriage, and grow up with a keen desire to accomplish itin due course, although secretly dreading it, because of their absurdperverted ideas of its physical side. Why cannot girls--and boys too,for that matter--be taught the plain truth (in suitable language ofcourse) that sex is the pivot on which the world turns, that theinstincts and emotions of sex are common to humanity, and in themselvesnot base or degrading, nor is there any cause for shame in possessingthem, although it is necessary that they should be strenuouslycontrolled. Why cannot girls be taught that _all love_, even theromantic love which occupies so large a portion of their dreams,_springs from the instinct of sex_?[4] This may be thought a dangerouslesson, but the present policy of silence on this subject is far moredangerous, inducing as it does a tendency to brood over the forbiddentheme.	3	1	strenously controlling sex	6	-1	For 1908 it raises feminist issues	9	0	I write 0 not because it's neutral but as a kind of balance as i couldn't choose between -1 and 1. there are elements that can be considered emancipatory, against paternalism (the text is from 1908), but there are also elements which are paternalist as well.	d
548	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8077/pg8077.txt	The Mind in the Making: The Relation of Intelligence to Social Reform	1921	Most of us do not stop to think of the conditions of an animalexistence. When we read the descriptions of our nature as given byWilliam James, McDougall, or even Thorndike, with all his reservations,we get a rather impressive idea of our possibilities, not a picture ofuncivilized life. When we go camping we think that we are desertingcivilization, forgetting the sophisticated guides, and the pack horsesladen with the most artificial luxuries, many of which would not havebeen available even a hundred years ago. We lead the simple life withSwedish matches, Brazilian coffee, Canadian bacon, California cannedpeaches, magazine rifles, jointed fishing rods, and electricflashlights. We are elaborately clothed and can discuss Bergson'sviews or D. H. Lawrence's last story. We naïvely imagine we arereturning to "primitive" conditions because we are living out of doorsor sheltered in a less solid abode than usual, and have to go tothe brook for water.	3	-1		6	1	speaking for the we	9	1	I don't know whether i'm taking in account the date of publication (1921) for this	1
531	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/29508/pg29508.txt	The Ethics of Cooperation	1918	Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:	3	x		6	0		9	1	i put 1 even if i'm not sure what PG means because of the beginning of the sentence. I could be x also as the fragment is supposed to be from 1918 .	d
232	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choice	Choice	2015	Most people[quantify] regard having choices as a good thing, though a severely limited or artificially restricted choice can lead to discomfort with choosing, and possibly an unsatisfactory outcome. In contrast, a choice with excessively numerous options may lead to confusion, regret of the alternatives not taken, and indifference in an unstructured existence;[1] and the illusion that choosing an object or a course leads necessarily to control of that object or course can cause psychological problems.[citation needed]	3	1		6	0	disputed if it is a 1, but presents sufficient variables	9	1	though a few elements balance the paternalism (especially the “quantify “element and ci”tation needed)”	1
680	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2162/pg2162.txt	Anarchism and other essays	1910	Much as I should like to, my space will not admit speaking ofprostitution in Egypt, Greece, Rome, and during the Middle Ages. Theconditions in the latter period are particularly interesting,inasmuch as prostitution was organized into guilds, presided over bya brothel Queen. These guilds employed strikes as a medium ofimproving their condition and keeping a standard price. Certainlythat is more practical a method than the one used by the modern wageslave in society.	3	1	wageslave is very patronizing and indifferent to the many forms in which people can have a relation to a regular employer	6	-1		9	-1	though I found the last sentence problematic	-1
415	https://www.gutenberg.org/files/31529/31529-0.txt	Modern Marriage and How To Bear It	1908	Much has been written of the degradation of love by habit, and AlexandreDumas expresses the whole question to perfection in one crystalsentence: ‘In marriage when love exists habit kills it; when love doesnot exist habit calls it into being.’ This is profoundly true, and forevery passion habit has killed it must certainly have created moregenuine affections.	3	1	trueism, dumas surely knows best	6	1		9	1	emphasis on morality	1
114	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining	Mining	2015	Much of the knowledge of medieval mining techniques comes from books such as Biringuccio’s De la pirotechnia and probably most importantly from Georg Agricola's De re metallica (1556). These books detail many different mining methods used in German and Saxon mines. One of the prime issues confronting medieval miners (and one which Agricola explains in detail) was the removal of water from mining shafts. As miners dug deeper to access new veins, flooding became a very real obstacle. The mining industry became dramatically more efficient and prosperous with the invention of mechanical and animal driven pumps.	3	1		6	1		9	1	I hesitated with 0 for a while but « prosperous »/ « efficient » got me for 1	1
651	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1228/pg1228.txt	On the Origin of species	1859	My work is now nearly finished; but as it will take me two or three moreyears to complete it, and as my health is far from strong, I have beenurged to publish this Abstract. I have more especially been induced todo this, as Mr. Wallace, who is now studying the natural history ofthe Malay archipelago, has arrived at almost exactly the same generalconclusions that I have on the origin of species. Last year he sent tome a memoir on this subject, with a request that I would forward itto Sir Charles Lyell, who sent it to the Linnean Society, and it ispublished in the third volume of the Journal of that Society. Sir C.Lyell and Dr. Hooker, who both knew of my work--the latter having readmy sketch of 1844--honoured me by thinking it advisable to publish, withMr. Wallace's excellent memoir, some brief extracts from my manuscripts.	3	-1	attributing shared ideas to others	6	-1	I haven't given many -1s	9	-1	emphasis on other people input and collaboration	-1
155	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry	Textile Industry	2015	Natural fibres are either from animals (sheep, goat, rabbit, silk-worm) mineral (asbestos) or from plants (cotton, flax, sisal). These vegetable fibres can come from the seed (cotton), the stem (known as bast fibres: flax, Hemp, Jute) or the leaf (sisal).[4] Without exception, many processes are needed before a clean even staple is obtained- each with a specific name. With the exception of silk, each of these fibres is short being only centimeters in length, and each has a rough surface that enables it to bond with similar staples.[4]	3	0		6	0	Caffeine levels are low	9	0	I don't know what to say	0
650	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1228/pg1228.txt	On the Origin of species	1859	Natural selection will produce nothing in one species for the exclusivegood or injury of another; though it may well produce parts, organs, andexcretions highly useful or even indispensable, or highly injurious toanother species, but in all cases at the same time useful to the owner.Natural selection in each well-stocked country, must act chiefly throughthe competition of the inhabitants one with another, and consequentlywill produce perfection, or strength in the battle for life, onlyaccording to the standard of that country. Hence the inhabitants of onecountry, generally the smaller one, will often yield, as we see they doyield, to the inhabitants of another and generally larger country. Forin the larger country there will have existed more individuals, and morediversified forms, and the competition will have been severer, andthus the standard of perfection will have been rendered higher. Naturalselection will not necessarily produce absolute perfection; nor, as faras we can judge by our limited faculties, can absolute perfection beeverywhere found.	3	1		6	1		9	0	Did i write 0 because it's darwin ?	1
371	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism	Social Darwinism	2015	Nazi Germany's justification for its aggression was regularly promoted in Nazi propaganda films depicting scenes such as beetles fighting in a lab setting to demonstrate the principles of "survival of the fittest" as depicted in Alles Leben ist Kampf (English translation: All Life is Struggle). Hitler often refused to intervene in the promotion of officers and staff members, preferring instead to have them fight amongst themselves to force the "stronger" person to prevail—"strength" referring to those social forces void of virtue or principle. Key proponents were Alfred Rosenberg, who was hanged later at Nuremberg.	3	1		6	1	the grading comes from the content. The style in which it is written is otherwise critical	9	1	Though i hesitated with 0 as the author(s) of the article are trying to be critical of the nazi practices	1
434	https://www.gutenberg.org/files/31529/31529-0.txt	Modern Marriage and How To Bear It	1908	Nevertheless, they get there all the same, albeit in a different spirit.Timorous and trembling, our faint-hearted modern lovers gird on theirnew frock-coats and step shrinkingly into the arena where awaitsthem--radiant and triumphant--the determined being whose will hasbrought them thither. No, not _her_ will, but the mysterious will ofNature which remains steadfast and of unswerving purpose, indifferentto our sex-warfare and the progress of our petty loves and hates. Theinstitution of marriage battered, abused, scarred with countlessthousands of attacks, stained with the sins of centuries still continuesto flourish, for, as Schopenhauer says; ‘_It is the future generation inits entire individual determination which forces itself into existencethrough the medium of all this strife and trouble._’	3	1		6	1	Schopenhauer quote and “mysterious will of nature”	9			1
552	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8077/pg8077.txt	The Mind in the Making: The Relation of Intelligence to Social Reform	1921	No one who is even most superficially acquainted with the achievementsof students of nature during the past few centuries can fail to seethat their thought has been astoundingly effective in constantly addingto our knowledge of the universe, from the hugest nebula to the tiniestatom; moreover, this knowledge has been so applied as to well-nighrevolutionize human affairs, and both the knowledge and its applicationsappear to be no more than hopeful beginnings, with indefinite revelationsahead, if only the same kind of thought be continued in the same patientand scrupulous manner.	3	1	rejecting the idea of alternative vision	6	1		9			1
558	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8077/pg8077.txt	The Mind in the Making: The Relation of Intelligence to Social Reform	1921	NOTES.	3	x		6	X		9	x		x
572	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8077/pg8077.txt	The Mind in the Making: The Relation of Intelligence to Social Reform	1921	Now education for citizenship would seem to consist in gaining aknowledge of the actual workings of our social organization, with someilluminating notions of its origin, together with a full realizationof its defects and their apparent sources. But here we encounter anobstacle that is unimportant in the older types of education, butwhich may prove altogether fatal to any good results in our efforts tomake better citizens. Subjects of instruction like reading andwriting, mathematics, Latin and Greek, chemistry and physics, medicineand the law are fairly well standardized and retrospective. Doubtlessthere is a good deal of internal change in method and content goingon, but this takes place unobtrusively and does not attract theattention of outside critics. Political and social questions, on theother hand, and matters relating to prevailing business methods, raceanimosities, public elections, and governmental policy are, if theyare vital, necessarily "controversial". School boards andsuperintendents, trustees and presidents of colleges and universities,are sensitive to this fact. They eagerly deprecate in their publicmanifestos any suspicion that pupils and students are being awakenedin any way to the truth that our institutions can possibly befundamentally defective, or that the present generation of citizenshas not conducted our affairs with exemplary success, guided by theimmutable principles of justice.	3	1		6	-1					d
621	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1228/pg1228.txt	On the Origin of species	1859	Now let us turn to nature. When a part has been developed in anextraordinary manner in any one species, compared with the other speciesof the same genus, we may conclude that this part has undergone anextraordinary amount of modification, since the period when the speciesbranched off from the common progenitor of the genus. This period willseldom be remote in any extreme degree, as species very rarely endurefor more than one geological period. An extraordinary amount ofmodification implies an unusually large and long-continued amount ofvariability, which has continually been accumulated by naturalselection for the benefit of the species. But as the variability ofthe extraordinarily-developed part or organ has been so great andlong-continued within a period not excessively remote, we might, as ageneral rule, expect still to find more variability in such parts thanin other parts of the organisation, which have remained for a muchlonger period nearly constant. And this, I am convinced, is the case.That the struggle between natural selection on the one hand, and thetendency to reversion and variability on the other hand, will in thecourse of time cease; and that the most abnormally developed organs maybe made constant, I can see no reason to doubt. Hence when an organ,however abnormal it may be, has been transmitted in approximately thesame condition to many modified descendants, as in the case of the wingof the bat, it must have existed, according to my theory, for animmense period in nearly the same state; and thus it comes to be no morevariable than any other structure. It is only in those cases in whichthe modification has been comparatively recent and extraordinarily greatthat we ought to find the GENERATIVE VARIABILITY, as it may be called,still present in a high degree. For in this case the variabilitywill seldom as yet have been fixed by the continued selection of theindividuals varying in the required manner and degree, and by thecontinued rejection of those tending to revert to a former and lessmodified condition.	3	0		6	0	difficulty concentrating				0
94	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	Noyce also came up with his own idea of an integrated circuit half a year later than Kilby.[127] His chip solved many practical problems that Kilby's had not. Produced at Fairchild Semiconductor, it was made of silicon, whereas Kilby's chip was made of germanium.	3	0	such a different text compared to the last!	6	1					d
315	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism	Anarchism	2015	Numerous heads of state were assassinated between 1881 and 1914 by members of the anarchist movement. For example, U.S. President McKinley's assassin Leon Czolgosz claimed to have been influenced by anarchist and feminist Emma Goldman. Bombings were associated in the media with anarchists because international terrorism arose during this time period with the widespread distribution of dynamite. This image remains to this day.	3	-1		6	-1	two more minutes until hand in time				-1
647	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1228/pg1228.txt	On the Origin of species	1859	Numerous instances could be given of characters derived from parts whichmust be considered of very trifling physiological importance, but whichare universally admitted as highly serviceable in the definition ofwhole groups. For instance, whether or not there is an open passage fromthe nostrils to the mouth, the only character, according to Owen, whichabsolutely distinguishes fishes and reptiles--the inflection of theangle of the jaws in Marsupials--the manner in which the wings ofinsects are folded--mere colour in certain Algae--mere pubescence onparts of the flower in grasses--the nature of the dermal covering, ashair or feathers, in the Vertebrata. If the Ornithorhynchus had beencovered with feathers instead of hair, this external and triflingcharacter would, I think, have been considered by naturalists asimportant an aid in determining the degree of affinity of this strangecreature to birds and reptiles, as an approach in structure in any oneinternal and important organ.	3	0		6	-1					d
625	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1228/pg1228.txt	On the Origin of species	1859	October 1st, 1859.	3	x		6	X					x
655	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2162/pg2162.txt	Anarchism and other essays	1910	October thirteenth, 1909, Ferrer's heart, so brave, so staunch, soloyal, was stilled. Poor fools! The last agonized throb of thatheart had barely died away when it began to beat a hundredfold in thehearts of the civilized world, until it grew into terrific thunder,hurling forth its malediction upon the instigators of the blackcrime. Murderers of black garb and pious mien, to the bar ofjustice!	3	1		6	-1					d
551	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8077/pg8077.txt	The Mind in the Making: The Relation of Intelligence to Social Reform	1921	Of man's impulses, the one which played the greatest part in mediaevalthoughts of sin and in the monastic ordering of life was the sexual.The presuppositions of the Middle Ages in the matter of the relationsof men and women have been carried over to our own day. As comparedwith many of the ideas which we have inherited from the past, they areof comparatively recent origin. The Greeks and Romans were, on thewhole, primitive and uncritical in their view of sex. The philosophersdo not seem to have speculated on sex, although there was evidentlysome talk in Athens of women's rights. The movement is satirized byAristophanes, and later Plato showed a willingness in _The Republic_to impeach the current notions of the family and women's position ingeneral.	3	1		6	-1					d
282	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage	Sabotage	2015	On 1 January 1984, the Cuscatlan bridge over Lempa river in El Salvador, critical to flow of commercial and military traffic, was destroyed by guerrilla forces using explosives after using mortar fire to "scatter" the bridge's guards, causing an estimated 3.7 million dollars in required repairs, and considerably impacting on El Salvadoran business and security.[15]	3	1		6	0					d
272	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage	Sabotage	2015	On 11 January 1917, Fiodore Wozniak, using a rag saturated with phosphorus or an incendiary pencil supplied by German sabotage agents, set fire to his workbench at an ammunition assembly plant near Lyndhurst, New Jersey, causing a four-hour fire that destroyed half a million 3-inch explosive shells and destroyed the plant for an estimated at 17 million in damages. Wozniak's involvement was not discovered until 1927.[15]	3	-1	destruction of ammunition factories +	6	-1					-1
273	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage	Sabotage	2015	On 12 February 1917, Bedouins allied with the British destroyed a Turkish railroad near the port of Wajh, derailing a Turkish locomotive. The Bedouins traveled by camel and used explosives to demolish a portion of track.[16]	3	0		6	1					d
271	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage	Sabotage	2015	On 30 July 1916, the Black Tom explosion occurred when German agents set fire to a complex of warehouses and ships in Jersey City, New Jersey that held munitions, fuel, and explosives bound to aid the Allies in their fight.	3	1		6	0					d
144	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marissa_Mayer&printable=yes	Marissa Mayer	2015	On July 16, 2012, Mayer was appointed President and CEO of Yahoo!, effective the following day. She is also a member of the company's board of directors.[49][50]To simplify the bureaucratic process and "make the culture the best version of itself", Mayer launched a new online program called PB&J. It collects employee complaints, as well as their votes on problems in the office; if a problem generates at least 50 votes, online management automatically investigates the matter.[51] In February 2013, Mayer oversaw a major personnel policy change at Yahoo! that required all remote-working employees to convert to in-office roles.[52] Having worked from home toward the end of her pregnancy, Mayer returned to work after giving birth to a boy, and had a nursery built next to her office suite—Mayer was consequently criticized for the telecommuting ban.[53]	3	1								p
642	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1228/pg1228.txt	On the Origin of species	1859	On the theory of descent, the full meaning of the fact of fossil remainsfrom closely consecutive formations, though ranked as distinct species,being closely related, is obvious. As the accumulation of each formationhas often been interrupted, and as long blank intervals have intervenedbetween successive formations, we ought not to expect to find, as Iattempted to show in the last chapter, in any one or two formations allthe intermediate varieties between the species which appeared at thecommencement and close of these periods; but we ought to find afterintervals, very long as measured by years, but only moderately longas measured geologically, closely allied forms, or, as they have beencalled by some authors, representative species; and these we assuredlydo find. We find, in short, such evidence of the slow and scarcelysensible mutation of specific forms, as we have a just right to expectto find.	3	0								p
619	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1228/pg1228.txt	On the Origin of species	1859	On the view here given of the all-important part which selection byman has played, it becomes at once obvious, how it is that our domesticraces show adaptation in their structure or in their habits to man'swants or fancies. We can, I think, further understand the frequentlyabnormal character of our domestic races, and likewise their differencesbeing so great in external characters and relatively so slight ininternal parts or organs. Man can hardly select, or only with muchdifficulty, any deviation of structure excepting such as is externallyvisible; and indeed he rarely cares for what is internal. He can neveract by selection, excepting on variations which are first given tohim in some slight degree by nature. No man would ever try to makea fantail, till he saw a pigeon with a tail developed in some slightdegree in an unusual manner, or a pouter till he saw a pigeon with acrop of somewhat unusual size; and the more abnormal or unusual anycharacter was when it first appeared, the more likely it would be tocatch his attention. But to use such an expression as trying to make afantail, is, I have no doubt, in most cases, utterly incorrect. The manwho first selected a pigeon with a slightly larger tail, never dreamedwhat the descendants of that pigeon would become through long-continued,partly unconscious and partly methodical selection. Perhaps the parentbird of all fantails had only fourteen tail-feathers somewhat expanded,like the present Java fantail, or like individuals of other and distinctbreeds, in which as many as seventeen tail-feathers have been counted.Perhaps the first pouter-pigeon did not inflate its crop much more thanthe turbit now does the upper part of its oesophagus,--a habit whichis disregarded by all fanciers, as it is not one of the points of thebreed.	3	0	attentionspan is increasingly becoming shorter							p
126	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining	Mining	2015	Once the analysis determines a given ore body is worth recovering, development begins to create access to the ore body. The mine buildings and processing plants are built, and any necessary equipment is obtained. The operation of the mine to recover the ore begins and continues as long as the company operating the mine finds it economical to do so. Once all the ore that the mine can produce profitably is recovered, reclamation begins to make the land used by the mine suitable for future use.	3	1								p
435	https://www.gutenberg.org/files/31529/31529-0.txt	Modern Marriage and How To Bear It	1908	One cannot help being amused by the serious articles on this subject infeminine journals. We are gravely told that women don’t marry nowadaysbecause they price their liberty too high, because those who have moneyprefer to be independent and enjoy life, and those who have none preferbravely wringing a living from the world to being a man’s slave, a meredrudge, entirely engrossed in housekeeping, etc., etc.; and so on--pagesof it! All this may possibly be true of a very small portion of thecommunity, but the uncontrovertible fact remains that the principalreason for woman’s spinsterhood is man’s indifference.	3	1								p
389	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4557/pg4557.txt	The Idea Of Progress	1920	One of the arguments which he urges against the theory of degenerationis pragmatic--its paralysing effect on human energy. "The opinion of theworld's universal decay quails the hopes and blunts the edge of men'sendeavours." And the effort to improve the world, he implies, is a dutywe owe to posterity.	3	1								p
261	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage	Sabotage	2015	One of the most severe examples was at the construction site of the Robert-Bourassa Generating Station in 1974, in Quebec, Canada, when workers used bulldozers to topple electric generators, damaged fuel tanks, and set buildings on fire. The project was delayed a year, and the direct cost of the damage estimated at $2 million CAD. The causes were not clear.	3									n
97	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining	Mining	2015	Ores recovered by mining include metals, coal, oil shale, gemstones, limestone, dimension stone, rock salt, potash, gravel, and clay. Mining is required to obtain any material that cannot be grown through agricultural processes, or created artificially in a laboratory or factory. Mining in a wider sense includes extraction of any non-renewable resource such as petroleum, natural gas, or even water.	3	1								p
308	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism	Anarchism	2015	Organised labour The anti-authoritarian sections of the First International were the precursors of the anarcho-syndicalists, seeking to "replace the privilege and authority of the State" with the "free and spontaneous organisation of labour." In 1886, the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions (FOTLU) of the United States and Canada unanimously set 1 May 1886, as the date by which the eight-hour work day would become standard.	3	1								p
296	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism	Anarchism	2015	Origins The earliest anarchist themes can be found in the 6th century BC, among the works of Taoist philosopher Laozi, and in later centuries by Zhuangzi and Bao Jingyan. Zhuangzi's philosophy has been described by various sources as anarchist. Zhuangzi wrote, "A petty thief is put in jail. A great brigand becomes a ruler of a Nation." Diogenes of Sinope and the Cynics, their contemporary Zeno of Citium, the founder of Stoicism, also introduced similar topics. Jesus is sometimes considered the first anarchist in the Christian anarchist tradition. Georges Lechartier wrote that "The true founder of anarchy was Jesus Christ and ... the first anarchist society was that of the apostles." In early Islamic history, some manifestations of anarchic thought are found during the Islamic civil war over the Caliphate, where the Kharijites insisted that the imamate is a right for each individual within the Islamic society. Later, some Muslim scholars, such as Amer al-Basri and Abu Hanifa, led movements of boycotting the rulers, paving the way to the waqf (endowments) tradition, which served as an alternative to and asylum from the centralized authorities of the emirs. But such interpretations reverberates subversive religious conceptions like the aforementioned seemingly anarchistic Taoist teachings and that of other anti-authoritarian religious traditions creating a complex relationship regarding the question as to whether or not anarchism and religion are compatible. This is exemplified when the glorification of the state is viewed as a form of sinful idolatry.	3	-1	pro's and con's given, allowing readers to make up mind							p
132	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining	Mining	2015	Other methods include shrinkage stope mining, which is mining upward, creating a sloping underground room, long wall mining, which is grinding a long ore surface underground, and room and pillar mining, which is removing ore from rooms while leaving pillars in place to support the roof of the room. Room and pillar mining often leads to retreat mining, in which supporting pillars are removed as miners retreat, allowing the room to cave in, thereby loosening more ore. Additional sub-surface mining methods include hard rock mining, which is mining of hard materials, bore hole mining, drift and fill mining, long hole slope mining, sub level caving, and block caving.										n
195	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page	Larry Page	2015	Others have compared their vision to the impact of Johannes Gutenberg, the inventor of modern printing: In 1440, Johannes Gutenberg introduced Europe to the mechanical printing press, printing Bibles for mass consumption. The technology allowed for books and manuscripts – originally replicated by hand – to be printed at a much faster rate, thus spreading knowledge and helping to usher in the European Renaissance ... Google has done a similar job.[24]										n
251	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choice	Choice	2015	Others[who?] say that there is never too much choice and that there is a difference between happiness and satisfaction: a person who tries to find better decisions will often be dissatisfied, but not necessarily unhappy since his attempts at finding better choices did improve his lifestyle (even if it wasn't the best decision he will continually try to incrementally improve the decisions he takes).										n
570	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8077/pg8077.txt	The Mind in the Making: The Relation of Intelligence to Social Reform	1921	Our civilization and the human mind, critical and uncritical, as wenow find it in our western world, is a direct and uninterruptedoutgrowth of the civilization and thought of the later Middle Ages.Very gradually only did peculiarly free and audacious individualthinkers escape from this or that mediaeval belief, until in our ownday some few have come to reject practically all the presuppositionson which the Scholastic system was reared. But the great mass ofChristian believers, whether Catholic or Protestant, still professedlyor implicitly adhere to the assumptions of the Middle Ages, at leastin all matters in which religious or moral sanctions are concerned. Itis true that outside the Catholic clergy the term "mediaeval" is oftenused in a sense of disparagement, but that should not blind us to thefact that mediaeval presumptions, whether for better or worse, arestill common. A few of the most fundamental of these presuppositionsespecially germane to our theme may be pointed out here.										n
204	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page	Larry Page	2015	Page announced on his Google+ profile in May 2013 that his right vocal cord is paralyzed from a cold that he contracted the previous summer, while his left cord was paralyzed in 1999.[54] Page explained that he has been suffering from a vocal cord issue for 14 years and, as of his May 2013 post, doctors were still unable to identify the exact cause of the problem. The Google+ post also revealed that Page had donated a considerable sum of money to a vocal cord nerve function research program at the Voice Health Institute in Boston, U.S. An anonymous source has stated that the donation exceeds $20 million.[55] In October 2013, Business Insider reported that Page's paralyzed vocal cords are caused by an autoimmune disease called Hashimoto's thyroiditis and he would not be doing Google quarterly earnings conference calls for a while.[56]										n
187	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page	Larry Page	2015	Page attended the Okemos Montessori School (now called Montessori Radmoor) in Okemos, Michigan, from 1975 to 1979, and graduated from East Lansing High School in 1991. He holds a Bachelor of Science in computer engineering from the University of Michigan with honors and a Master of Science in computer science from Stanford University.[11] While at the University of Michigan, Page created "an inkjet printer made of Lego bricks" (actually a line plotter), served as the president of the Beta Epsilon chapter of Eta Kappa Nu,[12] and was a member of the 1993 "Maize & Blue" University of Michigan Solar Car team.[13] As an undergrad at the University of Michigan, he’d proposed that the school replace its bus system with something he called a PRT, or personal rapid transit system — essentially a driverless monorail with separate cars for every rider.[14]										n
202	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page	Larry Page	2015	Page is also interested in the socio-economic effects of advanced intelligent systems and how advanced digital technologies can be used to create abundance (as described in Peter Diamandis' book), provide for people's needs, shorten the workweek, and mitigate the potential detrimental effects of technological unemployment.[45][46]										n
186	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page	Larry Page	2015	Page was born in East Lansing, Michigan, United States.[6] His father, Carl Vincent Page, Sr., earned a Ph.D. in computer science in 1965—when the field was being established—and is considered a "pioneer in computer science and artificial intelligence". He was a computer science professor at Michigan State University and Page's mother, Gloria, was an instructor in computer programming at Lyman Briggs College at Michigan State University.[7][8][9] Page's mother is Jewish, and he was raised without religion.[10]										n
656	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2162/pg2162.txt	Anarchism and other essays	1910	Paul Robin did not select his children; he did not go to theso-called best parents: he took his material wherever he could findit. From the street, the hovels, the orphan and foundling asylums,the reformatories, from all those gray and hideous places where abenevolent society hides its victims in order to pacify its guiltyconscience. He gathered all the dirty, filthy, shivering littlewaifs his place would hold, and brought them to Cempuis. There,surrounded by nature's own glory, free and unrestrained, well fed,clean kept, deeply loved and understood, the little human plantsbegan to grow, to blossom, to develop beyond even the expectations oftheir friend and teacher, Paul Robin.										n
672	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2162/pg2162.txt	Anarchism and other essays	1910	Paul Robin did not select his children; he did not go to theso-called best parents: he took his material wherever he could findit. From the street, the hovels, the orphan and foundling asylums,the reformatories, from all those gray and hideous places where abenevolent society hides its victims in order to pacify its guiltyconscience. He gathered all the dirty, filthy, shivering littlewaifs his place would hold, and brought them to Cempuis. There,surrounded by nature's own glory, free and unrestrained, well fed,clean kept, deeply loved and understood, the little human plantsbegan to grow, to blossom, to develop beyond even the expectations oftheir friend and teacher, Paul Robin.										n
206	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page	Larry Page	2015	PC Magazine has praised Google as among the Top 100 Web Sites and Search Engines (1998) and awarded Google the Technical Excellence Award for Innovation in Web Application Development in 1999. In 2000, Google earned a Webby Award, a People's Voice Award for technical achievement, and in 2001, was awarded Outstanding Search Service, Best Image Search Engine, Best Design, Most Webmaster Friendly Search Engine, and Best Search Feature at the Search Engine Watch Awards."[58] In 2002, Page was named a World Economic Forum Global Leader for Tomorrow[59] and along with Sergey Brin, was named to the MIT Technology Review TR100, as one of the top 100 innovators in the world under the age of 35.[60]										n
369	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism	Social Darwinism	2015	Peoples and living things struggle for survival. At first, species struggle with species; they as [people] gradually progress, there is a struggle between one social group and another. The weak invariably become the prey of the strong, the stupid invariably become subservient to the clever."										n
243	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choice	Choice	2015	Personal factors determine food choice. They are preference, associations, habits, ethnic heritage, tradition, values, social pressure, emotional comfort, availability, convenience, economy, image, medical conditions, and nutrition.										n
605	https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/7300/pg7300.txt	Woman And The Republic	1897	Petitions for "Woman's Right" and changes of the laws were circulated inMassachusetts as early as 1848. In 1849, a year after the first SuffrageConvention, Ohio, Maine, Indiana, and Missouri, had passed laws giving tomarried women the right to their own earnings. A "Memorial" was sent bythe Suffrage Association to the Ohio Constitutional Convention in 1850,from which I take the following: "We believe the whole theory of thecommon law in relation to woman is unjust and degrading." (Then followspolitical injustice.) "We would especially call your attention to thelegal condition of married women." (Then follow general statements andquotations from the common law.) The attention of the memorialists wascalled by the proper authorities to the fact that the statute laws of Ohiohad radically changed the general matters charged. In answering comment,Mrs. Coe said: "The committee were perfectly aware of the existence of thestatutes mentioned, but did not see fit to incorporate them in thepetition, not only on account of their great length, but because they donot at all invalidate the position which the petition affects toestablish--the inequality of the sexes before the law; because if the wifedeparts from the conditions of the statutes, and thus comes under thecommon law, they are against her." She then adds: "There are other lawswhich might be mentioned, which really give woman an apparent advantageover man; yet, having no relevancy to the subject in the petition, we didnot see fit to introduce them."										n
667	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2162/pg2162.txt	Anarchism and other essays	1910	Pettiness separates; breadth unites. Let us be broad and big. Letus not overlook vital things because of the bulk of triflesconfronting us. A true conception of the relation of the sexes willnot admit of conqueror and conquered; it knows of but one greatthing: to give of one's self boundlessly, in order to find one's selfricher, deeper, better. That alone can fill the emptiness, andtransform the tragedy of woman's emancipation into joy, limitlessjoy.										n
668	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2162/pg2162.txt	Anarchism and other essays	1910	Pettiness separates; breadth unites. Let us be broad and big. Letus not overlook vital things because of the bulk of triflesconfronting us. A true conception of the relation of the sexes willnot admit of conqueror and conquered; it knows of but one greatthing: to give of one's self boundlessly, in order to find one's selfricher, deeper, better. That alone can fill the emptiness, andtransform the tragedy of woman's emancipation into joy, limitlessjoy.										n
702	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/13176/pg13176.txt	The Abolitionists (Together With Personal Memories Of The Struggle For Human Rights)	1830-1864	Phillips, Mrs., 106-107.										n
210	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty	Liberty	2015	Philosophers from earliest times have considered the question of liberty. Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius (121–180 AD) wrote of "a polity in which there is the same law for all, a polity administered with regard to equal rights and equal freedom of speech, and the idea of a kingly government which respects most of all the freedom of the governed."[4] According to Thomas Hobbes, "a free man is he that in those things which by his strength and wit he is able to do is not hindered to do what he hath the will to do" (Leviathan, Part 2, Ch. XXI).										n
557	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8077/pg8077.txt	The Mind in the Making: The Relation of Intelligence to Social Reform	1921	Philosophers, scholars, and men of science exhibit a commonsensitiveness in all decisions in which their _amour propre_ isinvolved. Thousands of argumentative works have been written to vent agrudge. However stately their reasoning, it may be nothing butrationalizing, stimulated by the most commonplace of all motives.A history of philosophy and theology could be written in terms ofgrouches, wounded pride, and aversions, and it would be far moreinstructive than the usual treatments of these themes. Sometimes,under Providence, the lowly impulse of resentment leads to greatachievements. Milton wrote his treatise on divorce as a result of histroubles with his seventeen-year-old wife, and when he was accused ofbeing the leading spirit in a new sect, the Divorcers, he wrote hisnoble _Areopagitica_ to prove his right to say what he thought fit,and incidentally to establish the advantage of a free press in thepromotion of Truth.										n
537	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/29508/pg29508.txt	The Ethics of Cooperation	1918	Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donationmethods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of otherways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.To donate, please visit:http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate										n
326	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism	Anarchism	2015	Post-war years Anarchism sought to reorganise itself after the war and in this context the organisational debate between synthesis anarchism and platformism took importance once again especially in the anarchist movements of Italy and France. The Mexican Anarchist Federation was established in 1945 after the Anarchist Federation of the Centre united with the Anarchist Federation of the Federal District. In the early 1940s, the Antifascist International Solidarity and the Federation of Anarchist Groups of Cuba merged into the large national organisation Asociación Libertaria de Cuba (Cuban Libertarian Association). From 1944 to 1947, the Bulgarian Anarchist Communist Federation reemerged as part of a factory and workplace committee movement, but was repressed by the new Communist regime. In 1945 in France the Fédération Anarchiste and the anarchosyndicalist trade union Confédération nationale du travail was established in the next year while the also synthesist Federazione Anarchica Italiana was founded in Italy. Korean anarchists formed the League of Free Social Constructors in September 1945 and in 1946 the Japanese Anarchist Federation was founded. An International Anarchist Congress with delegates from across Europe was held in Paris in May 1948. After World War II, an appeal in the Fraye Arbeter Shtime detailing the plight of German anarchists and called for Americans to support them. By February 1946, the sending of aid parcels to anarchists in Germany was a large-scale operation. The Federation of Libertarian Socialists was founded in Germany in 1947 and Rudolf Rocker wrote for its organ, Die Freie Gesellschaft, which survived until 1953. In 1956 the Uruguayan Anarchist Federation was founded. In 1955 the Anarcho-Communist Federation of Argentina renamed itself as the Argentine Libertarian Federation. The Syndicalist Workers' Federation was a syndicalist group in active in post-war Britain, and one of Solidarity Federation's earliest predecessors. It was formed in 1950 by members of the dissolved Anarchist Federation of Britain. Unlike the AFB, which was influenced by anarcho-syndicalist ideas but ultimately not syndicalist itself, the SWF decided to pursue a more definitely syndicalist, worker-centred strategy from the outset.										n
500	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22306/pg22306.txt	Human Traits and their Social Significance	1920	PRIVACY AND SOLITUDE. Although one of man's most powerfultendencies, as has already been pointed out, is his desire tobe with his fellows, this desire is not unqualified. Just as mencan be satiated with too much eating, and irritated by toomuch inactivity, so men become "fed up" with companionship.The demand for solitude and privacy is thus fundamentallya physiological demand, like the demand for rest."The world is too much with us," especially the human world.Companionship, even of the most desirable kind, exhaustsnervous energy, and may become positively fatiguing andpainful. To crave solitude is thus not a sign of man'sunsociability, but a sign merely that sociability, like any other humantendency, becomes annoying, if too long or too strenuouslyindulged. Much of the neurasthenia of city life has beenattributed to the continual contact with other people, and thetotal inability of most city dwellers to secure privacy for anyconsiderable length of time. In some people a lifelong habitof close contact with large numbers of people makes themabnormally gregarious, so that solitude, the normal method ofrecuperation from companionship, becomes unbearable. Fewcity dwellers have not felt after a period of isolation in someremote country place the need for the social stimulus of thecity. But a normal human life demands a certain proportionof solitude just as much as it demands the companionship ofothers.										n
464	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/33944/pg33944.txt	How to Observe Morals and Manners	1838	Produced by Julia Miller and the Online DistributedProofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file wasproduced from images generously made available by TheInternet Archive/Canadian Libraries)										n
575	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8077/pg8077.txt	The Mind in the Making: The Relation of Intelligence to Social Reform	1921	Produced by Tiffany Vergon, Marc D'Hooghe, Charles Franksand the Online Distributed Proofreading Team.										n
556	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8077/pg8077.txt	The Mind in the Making: The Relation of Intelligence to Social Reform	1921	Professor Giddings has recently asked the question, Why has there beenany history?[14] Why, indeed, considering that the "good" and"respectable" is usually synonymous with the ancient routine, and theold have always been there to repress the young? Such heavy words ofapproval as "venerable", "sanctified", and "revered" all suggest greatage rather than fresh discoveries. As it was in the beginning, is nowand ever shall be, is our protest against being disturbed, forced tothink or to change our habits. So history, _namely change_, has beenmainly due to a small number of "seers",--really gropers andmonkeyers--whose native curiosity outran that of their fellows and ledthem to escape here and there from the sanctified blindness of theirtime.										n
468	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/33944/pg33944.txt	How to Observe Morals and Manners	1838	Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution ofelectronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computersincluding obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It existsbecause of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations frompeople in all walks of life.										n
542	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/29508/pg29508.txt	The Ethics of Cooperation	1918	Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution ofelectronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computersincluding obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It existsbecause of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations frompeople in all walks of life.										n
312	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism	Anarchism	2015	Propaganda of the deed and illegalism Some anarchists, such as Johann Most, advocated publicizing violent acts of retaliation against counter-revolutionaries because "we preach not only action in and for itself, but also action as propaganda. By the 1880s, people inside and outside the anarchist movement began to use the slogan, "propaganda of the deed" to refer to individual bombings, regicides, and tyrannicides. From 1905 onwards, the Russian counterparts of these anti-syndicalist anarchist-communists become partisans of economic terrorism and illegal 'expropriations'." Illegalism as a practice emerged and within it "The acts of the anarchist bombers and assassins ("propaganda by the deed") and the anarchist burglars ("individual reappropriation") expressed their desperation and their personal, violent rejection of an intolerable society. Moreover, they were clearly meant to be exemplary invitations to revolt.". France's Bonnot Gang was the most famous group to embrace illegalism.										n
316	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism	Anarchism	2015	Propaganda of the deed was abandoned by the vast majority of the anarchist movement after World War I (1914–1918) and the 1917 October Revolution.										n
494	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22306/pg22306.txt	Human Traits and their Social Significance	1920	PUGNACITY A MENACE WHEN UNCONTROLLED. The strength andpersistency of this human tendency, when uncontrolled orwhen fostered between groups, make it a very serious menace.Like all the other instincts, and more than most, it isfrustrated and continually checked in the normal peace-timepursuits of contemporary civilization. Participation,imaginative at least, in a great collective combat undoubtedly holdssome fascination for the citizens of modern industrial society,despite the large-scale horror which war is in itself, and thedesolation it leaves in its wake. During peace the fightinginstinct for most men receives satisfaction on a small scale,sometimes in nothing more important than small bickeringsand peevishness, or in seeing at first hand or on the ticker achampionship prize-fight. The pessimism which many writershave expressed at the possibility of perpetual peace restsin part on their perception of the easy excitability and deeppersistence of this impulse, especially among the vigorous andyoung.										n
43	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	Purely electronic circuit elements soon replaced their mechanical and electromechanical equivalents, at the same time that digital calculation replaced analog. Machines such as the Z3, the Atanasoff–Berry Computer, the Colossus computers, and the ENIAC were built by hand, using circuits containing relays or valves (vacuum tubes), and often used punched cards or punched paper tape for input and as the main (non-volatile) storage medium.										n
287	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage	Sabotage	2015	Railroads, where strategically important to the regime the coup is against, are prime targets for sabotage- if a section of the track is damaged entire portions of the transportation network can be stopped until it is fixed.[23]										n
235	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choice	Choice	2015	Recognizing that "type" is an imprecise term, an alternate way to classify types of choices is to look at outcomes and the impacted entity. For example, using this approach three types of choices would be:[5] Business Personal Consumer										n
654	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2162/pg2162.txt	Anarchism and other essays	1910	Referring to the American government, the greatest AmericanAnarchist, David Thoreau, said: "Government, what is it but atradition, though a recent one, endeavoring to transmit itselfunimpaired to posterity, but each instance losing its integrity; ithas not the vitality and force of a single living man. Law nevermade man a whit more just; and by means of their respect for it, eventhe well disposed are daily made agents of injustice."										n
218	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty	Liberty	2015	Roman law also embraced certain limited forms of liberty, even under the rule of the Roman Emperors. However, these liberties were accorded only to Roman citizens. Many of the liberties enjoyed under Roman law endured through the Middle Ages, but were enjoyed solely by the nobility, never by the common man. The idea of unalienable and universal liberties had to wait until the Age of Enlightenment.										n
317	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism	Anarchism	2015	Russian Revolution and other uprisings of the 1910s Anarchists participated alongside the Bolsheviks in both February and October revolutions, and were initially enthusiastic about the Bolshevik revolution. However, following a political falling out with the Bolsheviks by the anarchists and other left-wing opposition, the conflict culminated in the 1921 Kronstadt rebellion, which the new government repressed. Anarchists in central Russia were either imprisoned, driven underground or joined the victorious Bolsheviks; the anarchists from Petrograd and Moscow fled to the Ukraine. There, in the Free Territory, they fought in the civil war against the Whites (a grouping of monarchists and other opponents of the October Revolution) and then the Bolsheviks as part of the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine led by Nestor Makhno, who established an anarchist society in the region for a number of months.										n
267	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage	Sabotage	2015	Sabotage in warfare, according to the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) manual, varies from highly technical coup de main acts that require detailed planning and specially trained operatives, to innumerable simple acts that ordinary citizen-saboteurs can perform. Simple sabotage is carried out in such a way as to involve a minimum danger of injury, detection, and reprisal. There are two main methods of sabotage; physical destruction and the "human element." While physical destruction as a method is self-explanatory, its targets are nuanced, reflecting objects to which the saboteur has normal and inconspicuous access in everyday life. The "human element" is based on universal opportunities to make faulty decisions, to adopt a non-cooperative attitude, and to induce others to follow suit.[12]										n
286	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage	Sabotage	2015	Sabotage is a crucial tool of the successful coup d'etat, which requires control of communications before, during, and after the coup is staged. Simple sabotage against physical communications platforms using semi-skilled technicians, or even those trained only for this task, could effectively silence the target government of the coup, leaving the information battle space open to the dominance of the coup's leaders. To underscore the effectiveness of sabotage, "A single cooperative technician will be able temporarily to put out of action a radio station which would otherwise require a full-scale assault."[22]										n
255	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage	Sabotage	2015	Sabotage is a deliberate action aimed at weakening a polity or corporation through subversion, obstruction, disruption, or destruction. In a workplace setting, sabotage is the conscious withdrawal of efficiency generally directed at causing some change in workplace conditions. One who engages in sabotage is a saboteur. Saboteurs typically try to conceal their identities because of the consequences of their actions.										n
275	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage	Sabotage	2015	Sabotage training for the Allies consisted of teaching would-be saboteurs key components of working machinery to destroy. "Saboteurs learned hundreds of small tricks to cause the Germans big trouble. The cables in a telephone junction box ... could be jumbled to make the wrong connections when numbers were dialed. A few ounces of plastique, properly placed, could bring down a bridge, cave in a mine shaft, or collapse the roof of a railroad tunnel."[11]										n
266	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage	Sabotage	2015	Sabotage, done well, is inherently difficult to detect and difficult to trace to its origin. During World War II, the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) investigated 19,649 cases of sabotage and concluded the enemy had not caused any of them.[11]										n
336	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism	Social Darwinism	2015	Scholars debate the extent to which the various social Darwinist ideologies reflect Charles Darwin's own views on human social and economic issues. His writings have passages that can be interpreted as opposing aggressive individualism, while other passages appear to promote it. Some scholars argue that Darwin's view gradually changed and came to incorporate views from the leading social interpreters of his theory such as Spencer, but Spencer's Lamarckian evolutionary ideas about society were published before Darwin first published his theory, and both promoted their own conceptions of moral values. Spencer supported laissez-faire capitalism on the basis of his Lamarckian belief that struggle for survival spurred self-improvement which could be inherited										n
7	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	Scottish mathematician and physicist John Napier discovered that the multiplication and division of numbers could be performed by the addition and subtraction, respectively, of the logarithms of those numbers. While producing the first logarithmic tables, Napier needed to perform many tedious multiplications. It was at this point that he designed his 'Napier's bones', an abacus-like device that greatly simplified calculations that involved multiplication and division.[5]										n
169	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry	Textile Industry	2015	Secondly, in 1830, using an 1822 patent, Richard Roberts manufactured the first loom with a cast iron frame, the Roberts Loom.[8] In 1842 James Bullough and William Kenworthy, made the Lancashire Loom . It is a semi automatic power loom. Although it is self-acting, it has to be stopped to recharge empty shuttles. It was the mainstay of the Lancashire cotton industry for a century, when the [ Originally, power looms were shuttle-operated but in the early part of the 20th century the faster and more efficient shuttleless loom came into use. Today, advances in technology have produced a variety of looms designed to maximize production for specific types of material. The most common of these are air-jet looms and water-jet looms. Industrial looms can weave at speeds of six rows per second and faster.										n
473	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/33944/pg33944.txt	How to Observe Morals and Manners	1838	Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary ArchiveFoundation										n
456	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/33944/pg33944.txt	How to Observe Morals and Manners	1838	Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project GutenbergLiterary Archive Foundation										n
535	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/29508/pg29508.txt	The Ethics of Cooperation	1918	Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project GutenbergLiterary Archive Foundation										n
547	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/29508/pg29508.txt	The Ethics of Cooperation	1918	Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project GutenbergLiterary Archive Foundation										n
695	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/13176/pg13176.txt	The Abolitionists (Together With Personal Memories Of The Struggle For Human Rights)	1830-1864	Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project GutenbergLiterary Archive Foundation										n
6	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	Several analog computers were constructed in ancient and medieval times to perform astronomical calculations. These include the Antikythera mechanism and the astrolabe from ancient Greece (c. 150–100 BC), which are generally regarded as the earliest known mechanical analog computers.[3] Hero of Alexandria (c. 10–70 AD) made many complex mechanical devices including automata and a programmable cart.[4] Other early versions of mechanical devices used to perform one or another type of calculations include the planisphere and other mechanical computing devices invented by Abu Rayhan al-Biruni (c. AD 1000); the equatorium and universal latitude-independent astrolabe by Abu Ishaq Ibrahim al-Zarqali (c. AD 1015); the astronomical analog computers of other medieval Muslim astronomers and engineers; and the astronomical clock tower of Su Song (c. AD 1090) during the Song Dynasty.										n
231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choice	Choice	2015	Simple choices might include what to eat for dinner or what to wear on a Saturday morning - choices that have relatively low-impact on the chooser's life overall. More complex choices might involve (for example) what candidate to vote for in an election, what profession to pursue, a life partner, etc - choices based on multiple influences and having larger ramifications.										n
599	https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/7300/pg7300.txt	Woman And The Republic	1897	Since January, 1897, Nova Scotia, two Territories, and ten States havedealt with the suffrage proposal, and all but one of these have renderedadverse decisions. In Nova Scotia an old bill was reconsidered, and alarger majority was obtained against it. The territories are Arizona andOklahoma. The states in which it was defeated are Iowa, Nevada, Nebraska,Kansas, Delaware, Maine, Massachusetts, and California. The last two hadgiven it heavy defeats but a few months previously. Indiana's SupremeCourt handed down an adverse decision. The favorable state was Washington,where the Legislature voted to submit an amendment to the people nextyear.										n
8	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	Since real numbers can be represented as distances or intervals on a line, the slide rule was invented in the 1620s, shortly after Napier's work, to allow multiplication and division operations to be carried out significantly faster than was previously possible.[6] Edmund Gunter built a calculating device with a single logarithmic scale at the University of Oxford. His device greatly simplified arithmetic calculations, including multiplication and division. William Oughtred greatly improved this in 1630 with his circular slide rule. He followed this up with the modern slide rule in 1632, essentially a combination of two Gunter rules, held together with the hands. Slide rules were used by generations of engineers and other mathematically involved professional workers, until the invention of the pocket calculator.[7]										n
100	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining	Mining	2015	Since the beginning of civilization, people have used stone, ceramics and, later, metals found close to the Earth's surface. These were used to make early tools and weapons; for example, high quality flint found in northern France and southern England was used to create flint tools.[1] Flint mines have been found in chalk areas where seams of the stone were followed underground by shafts and galleries. The mines at Grimes Graves are especially famous, and like most other flint mines, are Neolithic in origin (ca 4000 BC-ca 3000 BC). Other hard rocks mined or collected for axes included the greenstone of the Langdale axe industry based in the English Lake District.										n
399	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4557/pg4557.txt	The Idea Of Progress	1920	Six years later Lessing's pamphlet on the Education of the Human Raceappeared, couched in the form of aphoristic statements, and to a modernreader, one may venture to say, singularly wanting in argumentativeforce. The thesis is that the drama of history is to be explained as theeducation of man by a progressive series of religions, a series not yetcomplete, for the future will produce another revelation to lift himto a higher plane than that to which Christ has drawn him up. Thisinterpretation of history proclaimed Progress, but assumed an ideal andapplied a measure very different from those of the French philosophers.The goal is not social happiness, but a full comprehension of God.Philosophy of religion is made the key to the philosophy of history. Thework does not amount to more than a suggestion for a new synthesis, butit was opportune and arresting.										n
458	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/33944/pg33944.txt	How to Observe Morals and Manners	1838	SKETCHES OF POPULAR TUMULTS; illustrative of the Evils of SocialIgnorance. Second Edition. 5_s._ cloth.										n
693	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/13176/pg13176.txt	The Abolitionists (Together With Personal Memories Of The Struggle For Human Rights)	1830-1864	So far as the South was concerned the revolution is easily accountedfor. Slavery became profitable. A Yankee magician had touched it witha wand of gold, and from being a languishing, struggling system, itquickly developed into a money-maker.										n
567	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8077/pg8077.txt	The Mind in the Making: The Relation of Intelligence to Social Reform	1921	So it comes about, as might indeed have been foreseen from the first,that one finds himself, if not actually violating the criminal anarchystatute, at least branded as a Bolshevik if he speaks slightingly ofthe New York _Times_ or recalls the dissenting opinion of two judgesof the Supreme Court.										n
367	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism	Social Darwinism	2015	Social Darwinism has influenced political, public health and social movements in Japan since the late 19th and early 20th century. Social Darwinism was originally brought to Japan through the works of Francis Galton and Ernst Haeckel as well as United States, British and French Lamarkian eugenic written studies of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Eugenism as a science was hotly debated at the beginning of the 20th century, in Jinsei-Der Mensch, the first eugenics journal in the empire. As Japan sought to close ranks with the west, this practice was adopted wholesale along with colonialism and its justifications.										n
368	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism	Social Darwinism	2015	Social Darwinism was formally introduced to China through the translation by Yan Fu of Huxley's Evolution and Ethics, in the course of an extensive series of translations of influential Western thought. Yan's translation strongly impacted Chinese scholars because he added national elements not found in the original. He understood Spencer's sociology as "not merely analytical and descriptive, but prescriptive as well," and saw Spencer building on Darwin, whom Yan summarized thus:										n
484	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22306/pg22306.txt	Human Traits and their Social Significance	1920	Society exists through a process of transmission quite as much asbiological life. The transmission occurs by means of communicationof habits of doing, thinking, and feeling, from the older to theyounger. Without this communication of ideals, hopes, expectations,standards, opinions, from those members of society who arepassing out of the group life to those who are coming into it, societycould not survive.[1]										n
284	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage	Sabotage	2015	Some criminals have engaged in acts of sabotage for reasons of extortion. For example, Klaus-Peter Sabotta sabotaged German railway lines in the late 1990s in an attempt to extort DM10 million from the German railway operator Deutsche Bahn. He is now serving a sentence of life imprisonment.										n
129	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining	Mining	2015	Some mining, including much of the rare earth elements and uranium mining, is done by less-common methods, such as in-situ leaching: this technique involves digging neither at the surface nor underground. The extraction of target minerals by this technique requires that they be soluble, e.g., potash, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, which dissolve in water. Some minerals, such as copper minerals and uranium oxide, require acid or carbonate solutions to dissolve.[27][28]										n
611	https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/7300/pg7300.txt	Woman And The Republic	1897	Some states do not allow disclaimers of implied warranties orthe exclusion or limitation of consequential damages, so theabove disclaimers and exclusions may not apply to you, and youmay have other legal rights.										n
254	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choice	Choice	2015	Sophia Rosenfeld analyses critical reactions to choice in her review[26] of some of the work of Iyengar,[27] Ben-Porath,[28] Greenfield[29] and Salecl.[30]										n
324	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism	Anarchism	2015	Spanish Revolution In Spain, the national anarcho-syndicalist trade union Confederación Nacional del Trabajo initially refused to join a popular front electoral alliance, and abstention by CNT supporters led to a right wing election victory. But in 1936, the CNT changed its policy and anarchist votes helped bring the popular front back to power. Months later, the former ruling class responded with an attempted coup causing the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939). In response to the army rebellion, an anarchist-inspired movement of peasants and workers, supported by armed militias, took control of Barcelona and of large areas of rural Spain where they collectivised the land. But even before the fascist victory in 1939, the anarchists were losing ground in a bitter struggle with the Stalinists, who controlled much of the distribution of military aid to the Republican cause from the Soviet Union. The events known as the Spanish Revolution was a workers' social revolution that began during the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936 and resulted in the widespread implementation of anarchist and more broadly libertarian socialist organisational principles throughout various portions of the country for two to three years, primarily Catalonia, Aragon, Andalusia, and parts of the Levante. Much of Spain's economy was put under worker control; in anarchist strongholds like Catalonia, the figure was as high as 75%, but lower in areas with heavy Communist Party of Spain influence, as the Soviet-allied party actively resisted attempts at collectivization enactment. Factories were run through worker committees, agrarian areas became collectivised and run as libertarian communes. Anarchist historian Sam Dolgoff estimated that about eight million people participated directly or at least indirectly in the Spanish Revolution, which he claimed "came closer to realizing the ideal of the free stateless society on a vast scale than any other revolution in history."										n
363	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism	Social Darwinism	2015	Spencer proved to be a popular figure in the 1880s primarily because his application of evolution to areas of human endeavor promoted an optimistic view of the future as inevitably becoming better. In the United States, writers and thinkers of the gilded age such as Edward L. Youmans, William Graham Sumner, John Fiske, John W. Burgess, and others developed theories of social evolution as a result of their exposure to the works of Darwin and Spencer.										n
351	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism	Social Darwinism	2015	Spencer's work also served to renew interest in the work of Malthus. While Malthus's work does not itself qualify as social Darwinism, his 1798 work An Essay on the Principle of Population, was incredibly popular and widely read by social Darwinists. In that book, for example, the author argued that as an increasing population would normally outgrow its food supply, this would result in the starvation of the weakest and a Malthusian catastrophe.										n
162	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry	Textile Industry	2015	Spinning evolved from twisting the fibres by hand, to using a drop spindle, to using a spinning wheel. Spindles or parts of them have been found in archaeological sites and may represent one of the first pieces of technology available. They were invented in India between 500 and 1000 AD.[6]										n
325	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism	Anarchism	2015	Stalinist-led troops suppressed the collectives and persecuted both dissident Marxists and anarchists. The prominent Italian anarchist Camillo Berneri, who volunteered to fight against Franco was killed instead in Spain by gunmen associated with the Spanish Communist Party.										n
314	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism	Anarchism	2015	State repression (including the infamous 1894 French lois scélérates) of the anarchist and labour movements following the few successful bombings and assassinations may have contributed to the abandonment of these kinds of tactics, although reciprocally state repression, in the first place, may have played a role in these isolated acts. The dismemberment of the French socialist movement, into many groups and, following the suppression of the 1871 Paris Commune, the execution and exile of many communards to penal colonies, favoured individualist political expression and acts.										n
131	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining	Mining	2015	Sub-surface mining consists of digging tunnels or shafts into the earth to reach buried ore deposits. Ore, for processing, and waste rock, for disposal, are brought to the surface through the tunnels and shafts. Sub-surface mining can be classified by the type of access shafts used, the extraction method or the technique used to reach the mineral deposit. Drift mining utilizes horizontal access tunnels, slope mining uses diagonally sloping access shafts, and shaft mining utilizes vertical access shafts. Mining in hard and soft rock formations require different techniques.										n
365	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism	Social Darwinism	2015	Sumner never fully embraced Darwinian ideas, and some contemporary historians do not believe that Sumner ever actually believed in social Darwinism. The great majority of American businessmen rejected the anti-philanthropic implications of the theory. Instead they gave millions to build schools, colleges, hospitals, art institutes, parks and many other institutions. Andrew Carnegie, who admired Spencer, was the leading philanthropist in the world (1890–1920), and a major leader against imperialism and warfare.										n
130	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining	Mining	2015	Surface mining is done by removing (stripping) surface vegetation, dirt, and, if necessary, layers of bedrock in order to reach buried ore deposits. Techniques of surface mining include: open-pit mining, which is the recovery of materials from an open pit in the ground, quarrying or gathering building materials from an open-pit mine; strip mining, which consists of stripping surface layers off to reveal ore/seams underneath; and mountaintop removal, commonly associated with coal mining, which involves taking the top of a mountain off to reach ore deposits at depth. Most (but not all) placer deposits, because of their shallowly buried nature, are mined by surface methods. Finally, landfill mining involves sites where landfills are excavated and processed.[29]										n
707	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/13176/pg13176.txt	The Abolitionists (Together With Personal Memories Of The Struggle For Human Rights)	1830-1864	Tappan, Lewis, 34, 203.										n
128	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining	Mining	2015	Targets are divided into two general categories of materials: placer deposits, consisting of valuable minerals contained within river gravels, beach sands, and other unconsolidated materials; and lode deposits, where valuable minerals are found in veins, in layers, or in mineral grains generally distributed throughout a mass of actual rock. Both types of ore deposit, placer or lode, are mined by both surface and underground methods.										n
388	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4557/pg4557.txt	The Idea Of Progress	1920	Temple was ill equipped for the controversy, though his Essay onAncient and Modern Learning (1690) is far from deserving the disdain ofMacaulay, who describes its matter as "ludicrous and contemptible to thelast degree." [Footnote: The only point in it which need be noted hereis that the author questioned the cogency of Fontenelle's argument, thatthe forces of nature being permanent human ability is in all agesthe same. "May there not," he asks, "many circumstances concur to oneproduction that do not to any other in one or many ages?" Fontenellespeaks of trees. It is conceivable that various conditions and accidents"may produce an oak, a fig, or a plane-tree, that shall deserve tobe renowned in story, and shall not perhaps be paralleled in othercountries or times. May not the same have happened in the production,growth, and size of wit and genius in the world, or in some parts orages of it, and from many more circumstances that contributed towards itthan what may concur to the stupendous growth of a tree or animal?"] Andit must be confessed that the most useful result of the Essay was theanswer which it provoked from Wotton. For Wotton had a far widerrange of knowledge, and a more judicious mind, than any of the othercontroversialists, with the exception of Fontenelle; and in knowledgeof antiquity he was Fontenelle's superior. His inquiry stands out asthe most sensible and unprejudiced contribution to the whole debate. Heaccepts as just the reasoning of Fontenelle "as to the comparative forceof the geniuses of men in the several ages of the world and of the equalforce of men's understandings absolutely considered in all times sincelearning first began to be cultivated amongst mankind." But this is notincompatible with the thesis that in some branches the ancients excelledall who came after them. For it is not necessary to explain suchexcellence by the hypothesis that there was a particular force of geniusevidently discernible in former ages, but extinct long since, and thatnature is now worn out and spent. There is an alternative explanation.There may have been special circumstances "which might suit with thoseages which did exceed ours, and with those things wherein they didexceed us, and with no other age nor thing besides."										n
172	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry	Textile Industry	2015	Textile production in England peaked in 1926, and as mills were decommissioned, many of the scrapped mules and looms were bought up and reinstated in India. The demographic change made by World War I, had made the labor-intensive industry unprofitable in England, but in India and later China it was an aid to development.										n
82	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	That distinction goes to the Harwell CADET of 1955,[105] built by the electronics division of the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell. The design featured a 64-kilobyte magnetic drum memory store with multiple moving heads that had been designed at the National Physical Laboratory, UK. By 1953 his team had transistor circuits operating to read and write on a smaller magnetic drum from the Royal Radar Establishment. The machine used a low clock speed of only 58 kHz to avoid having to use any valves to generate the clock waveforms.[106][107]										n
657	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2162/pg2162.txt	Anarchism and other essays	1910	That every act of political violence should nowadays be attributed toAnarchists is not at all surprising. Yet it is a fact known toalmost everyone familiar with the Anarchist movement that a greatnumber of acts, for which Anarchists had to suffer, either originatedwith the capitalist press or were instigated, if not directlyperpetrated, by the police.										n
5	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	The abacus was early used for arithmetic tasks. What we now call the Roman abacus was used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC. Since then, many other forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented. In a medieval European counting house, a checkered cloth would be placed on a table, and markers moved around on it according to certain rules, as an aid to calculating sums of money.										n
303	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism	Anarchism	2015	The anarcho-communist Joseph Déjacque was the first person to describe himself as "libertarian". Unlike Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, he argued that, "it is not the product of his or her labour that the worker has a right to, but to the satisfaction of his or her needs, whatever may be their nature." In 1844 in Germany the post-hegelian philosopher Max Stirner published the book, The Ego and Its Own, which would later be considered an influential early text of individualist anarchism. French anarchists active in the 1848 Revolution included Anselme Bellegarrigue, Ernest Coeurderoy, Joseph Déjacque and Pierre Joseph Proudhon.										n
481	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22306/pg22306.txt	Human Traits and their Social Significance	1920	The application of the exact knowledge gained by the puresciences, may, if properly directed, immeasurably increase thesum of human welfare. One has but to review briefly thehistory of invention to appreciate this truth with vividnessand detail. The great variety of the "applied sciences"shows the extent and multiplicity of the fruits of theoreticalinquiry. Astronomy plays an important part in navigation; butit also earns its living by helping the surveyor and the mapmakerand by supplying the world with accurate time. Industrialchemistry offers, perhaps, the most striking examples.There is, for example, the fixation of nitrogen, which makespossible the artificial production of ammonia and potash;the whole group of dye industries made possible through thechemical production of coal tar; the industrial utilization ofcellulose in the paper, twine, and leather industries; the promiseof eventual production on a large scale of synthetic rubber;the electric furnace, which, with its fourteen-thousand-degreerange of heat, makes possible untold increase in the effectivenessof all the chemical industries.										n
372	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism	Social Darwinism	2015	The argument that Nazi ideology was strongly influenced by social Darwinist ideas is often found in historical and social science literature. For example, the Jewish philosopher and historian Hannah Arendt analysed the historical development from a politically indifferent scientific Darwinism via social Darwinist ethics to racist ideology.										n
31	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	The art of mechanical analog computing reached its zenith with the differential analyzer,[42] built by H. L. Hazen and Vannevar Bush at MIT starting in 1927, which built on the mechanical integrators of James Thomson and the torque amplifiers invented by H. W. Nieman. A dozen of these devices were built before their obsolescence became obvious; the most powerful was constructed at the University of Pennsylvania's Moore School of Electrical Engineering, where the ENIAC was built.										n
475	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/33944/pg33944.txt	How to Observe Morals and Manners	1838	The baron lives in his castle, on a rock or some other eminence, whencehe can overlook his domains, or where his ancestor reared his abode forpurposes of safety. During this stage of society there is littledomestic refinement and comfort. The furniture is coarse; the library isnot tempting; and the luxurious ease of cities is out of the question.The pleasures of the owner lie abroad. There he devotes himself to roughsports, and enjoys his darling luxury,--the exercise of power. Withinthe dwelling the wife and her attendants spend their lives inhandiworks, in playing with the children and keeping them in order, inendless conversation on the few events which come under their notice,and in obedience to and companionship with the priest. While the masteris hunting, or gathering together his retainers for the feast, the womenare spinning or sewing, gossiping, confessing, or doing penance; whilethe priest studies in his apartment, shares in the mirth, or soothes thetroubles of the household, and rules the mind of the noble by securingthe confidence of his wife. Out of doors, there are the retainers, bywhatever name they may be called. Their poor dwellings are crowded roundthe castle of the lord; their patches of arable land lie nearest, andthe pastures beyond; that, at least, the supply of human food may besecured from any enemy. These portions of land are held on a tenure ofservice; and, as the retainers have no property in them, and no interestin their improvement, and are, moreover, liable to be called away fromtheir tillage at any moment, to perform military or other service, thesoil yields sorry harvests, and the lean cattle are not very ornamentalto the pastures. The wives of the peasantry are often left, at an hour'swarning, in the unprotected charge of their half-clothed and untaughtchildren, as well as of the cattle and the field.--The festivals of thepeople are on holy days, and on the return of the chief from war, orfrom a pre-eminent chase.										n
79	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	The bipolar transistor was invented in 1947. From 1955 onwards transistors replaced vacuum tubes in computer designs,[99] giving rise to the "second generation" of computers. Initially the only devices available were germanium point-contact transistors.[100]										n
528	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/29508/pg29508.txt	The Ethics of Cooperation	1918	THE BUSINESS CAREER IN ITS PUBLIC RELATIONS.By ALBERT SHAW.										n
196	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page	Larry Page	2015	The comparison was likewise noted by the authors of The Google Story: "Not since Gutenberg ... has any new invention empowered individuals, and transformed access to information, as profoundly as Google."[25]:1Also not long after the two "cooked up their new engine for web searches, they began thinking about information that was at the time beyond the web", such as digitizing books, and expanding health information.[26]										n
502	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22306/pg22306.txt	Human Traits and their Social Significance	1920	The complex, highly artificial character of our civilizationoften obscures the presence of these powerful instinctivetendencies, but that they _are_ present and powerful severalfacts bear witness. They manifest themselves, as the newerpsychology of the subconscious has repeatedly pointed out,in roundabout ways; they are, in the technical phrase, sublimated.Instincts find, as it were, substitute realizations.This process of sublimation of unfulfilled desire has beennoted particularly with regard to the sex instinct, but theprinciple applies to the others.										n
65	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	The computer is especially historically significant because of its pioneering inclusion of index registers, an innovation which made it easier for a program to read sequentially through an array of words in memory. Thirty-four patents resulted from the machine's development, and many of the ideas behind its design were incorporated in subsequent commercial products such as the IBM 701 and 702 as well as the Ferranti Mark 1. The chief designers, Frederic C. Williams and Tom Kilburn, concluded from their experiences with the Mark 1 that computers would be used more in scientific roles than in pure mathematics. In 1951 they started development work on Meg, the Mark 1's successor, which would include a floating point unit.										n
404	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4557/pg4557.txt	The Idea Of Progress	1920	The Count de Volney's Ruins was another popular presentation of thehopes which the theory of Progress had awakened in France. Althoughthe work was not published till after the outbreak of the Revolution,[Footnote: Les Ruines des empires, 1789. An English translation ran toa second edition (1795).] the plan had been conceived some years before.Volney was a traveller, deeply interested in oriental and classicalantiquities, and, like Louis Le Roy, he approached the problem of man'sdestinies from the point of view of a student of the revolutions ofempires.										n
28	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	The differential analyser, a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration using wheel-and-disc mechanisms, was conceptualized in 1876 by James Thomson, the brother of the more famous Lord Kelvin. He explored the possible construction of such calculators, but was stymied by the limited output torque of the ball-and-disk integrators.[39] In a differential analyzer, the output of one integrator drove the input of the next integrator, or a graphing output.										n
89	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	The early 1960s saw the advent of supercomputing. The Atlas Computer was a joint development between the University of Manchester, Ferranti, and Plessey, and was first installed at Manchester University and officially commissioned in 1962 as one of the world's first supercomputers - considered to be the most powerful computer in the world at that time.[114] It was said that whenever Atlas went offline half of the United Kingdom's computer capacity was lost.[115] It was a second-generation machine, using discrete germanium transistors. Atlas also pioneered the Atlas Supervisor, "considered by many to be the first recognisable modern operating system".[116]										n
21	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	The Engine incorporated an arithmetic logic unit, control flow in the form of conditional branching and loops, and integrated memory, making it the first design for a general-purpose computer that could be described in modern terms as Turing-complete.[31][32]										n
44	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	The engineer Tommy Flowers joined the telecommunications branch of the General Post Office in 1926. While working at the research station in Dollis Hill in the 1930s, he began to explore the possible use of electronics for the telephone exchange. Experimental equipment that he built in 1934 went into operation 5 years later, converting a portion of the telephone exchange network into an electronic data processing system, using thousands of vacuum tubes.[38]										n
35	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	The era of modern computing began with a flurry of development before and during World War II. Most digital computers built in this period were electromechanical - electric switches drove mechanical relays to perform the calculation. These devices had a low operating speed and were eventually superseded by much faster all-electric computers, originally using vacuum tubes.										n
638	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1228/pg1228.txt	On the Origin of species	1859	The existence of closely allied or representative species in any twoareas, implies, on the theory of descent with modification, that thesame parents formerly inhabited both areas; and we almost invariablyfind that wherever many closely allied species inhabit two areas, someidentical species common to both still exist. Wherever many closelyallied yet distinct species occur, many doubtful forms and varieties ofthe same species likewise occur. It is a rule of high generality thatthe inhabitants of each area are related to the inhabitants of thenearest source whence immigrants might have been derived. We see this innearly all the plants and animals of the Galapagos archipelago, of JuanFernandez, and of the other American islands being related in the moststriking manner to the plants and animals of the neighbouring Americanmainland; and those of the Cape de Verde archipelago and other Africanislands to the African mainland. It must be admitted that these factsreceive no explanation on the theory of creation.										n
64	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	The Experimental machine led on to the development of the Manchester Mark 1 at the University of Manchester.[78] Work began in August 1948, and the first version was operational by April 1949; a program written to search for Mersenne primes ran error-free for nine hours on the night of 16/17 June 1949. The machine's successful operation was widely reported in the British press, which used the phrase "electronic brain" in describing it to their readers.										n
95	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	The explosion in the use of computers began with "third-generation" computers, making use of Jack St. Clair Kilby's and Robert Noyce's independent invention of the integrated circuit (or microchip). This led to the invention of the microprocessor. While the subject of exactly which device was the first microprocessor is contentious, partly due to lack of agreement on the exact definition of the term "microprocessor", it is largely undisputed that the first single-chip microprocessor was the Intel 4004,[128] designed and realized by Ted Hoff, Federico Faggin, and Stanley Mazor at Intel.[129]										n
3	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	The first aids to computation were purely mechanical devices which required the operator to set up the initial values of an elementary arithmetic operation, then manipulate the device to obtain the result. Later, computers represented numbers in a continuous form, for instance distance along a scale, rotation of a shaft, or a voltage. Numbers could also be represented in the form of digits, automatically manipulated by a mechanical mechanism. Although this approach generally required more complex mechanisms, it greatly increased the precision of results. The invention of transistor and then integrated circuits made a breakthrough in computers. As a result digital computers largely replaced analog computers. The price of computers gradually became so low that first the personal computers and later mobile computers (smartphones and tablets) became ubiquitous.										n
70	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	The first commercial computer was the Ferranti Mark 1, built by Ferranti and delivered to the University of Manchester in February 1951. It was based on the Manchester Mark 1. The main improvements over the Manchester Mark 1 were in the size of the primary storage (using random access Williams tubes), secondary storage (using a magnetic drum), a faster multiplier, and additional instructions. The basic cycle time was 1.2 milliseconds, and a multiplication could be completed in about 2.16 milliseconds. The multiplier used almost a quarter of the machine's 4,050 vacuum tubes (valves).[85] A second machine was purchased by the University of Toronto, before the design was revised into the Mark 1 Star. At least seven of these later machines were delivered between 1953 and 1957, one of them to Shell labs in Amsterdam.[86]										n
27	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	The first modern analog computer was a tide-predicting machine, invented by Sir William Thomson, later Lord Kelvin, in 1872. It used a system of pulleys and wires to automatically calculate predicted tide levels for a set period at a particular location and was of great utility to navigation in shallow waters. His device was the foundation for further developments in analog computing.[38]										n
93	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	The first practical ICs were invented by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor.[123] Kilby recorded his initial ideas concerning the integrated circuit in July 1958, successfully demonstrating the first working integrated example on 12 September 1958.[124] In his patent application of 6 February 1959, Kilby described his new device as “a body of semiconductor material ... wherein all the components of the electronic circuit are completely integrated.”[125] The first customer for the invention was the US Air Force.[126]										n
341	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism	Social Darwinism	2015	The first use of the phrase "social Darwinism" was in Joseph Fisher's 1877 article on The History of Landholding in Ireland which was published in the Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. Fisher was commenting on how a system for borrowing livestock which had been called "tenure" had led to the false impression that the early Irish had already evolved or developed land tenure;										n
719	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/13176/pg13176.txt	The Abolitionists (Together With Personal Memories Of The Struggle For Human Rights)	1830-1864	The following is the list of those in attendance, who becamesubscribers to the declaration that was promulgated:										n
522	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/29508/pg29508.txt	The Ethics of Cooperation	1918	The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulatingcharities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the UnitedStates. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes aconsiderable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep upwith these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locationswhere we have not received written confirmation of compliance. ToSEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for anyparticular state visit http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate										n
394	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4557/pg4557.txt	The Idea Of Progress	1920	The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scatteredthroughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, emailbusiness@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contactinformation can be found at the Foundation's web site and officialpage at http://pglaf.org										n
465	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/33944/pg33944.txt	How to Observe Morals and Manners	1838	The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scatteredthroughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, emailbusiness@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contactinformation can be found at the Foundation's web site and officialpage at http://pglaf.org										n
302	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism	Anarchism	2015	The French Pierre-Joseph Proudhon is regarded as the first self-proclaimed anarchist, a label he adopted in his groundbreaking work, What is Property?, published in 1840. It is for this reason that some claim Proudhon as the founder of modern anarchist theory. He developed the theory of spontaneous order in society, where organisation emerges without a central coordinator imposing its own idea of order against the wills of individuals acting in their own interests; his famous quote on the matter is, "Liberty is the mother, not the daughter, of order." In What is Property? Proudhon answers with the famous accusation "Property is theft." In this work, he opposed the institution of decreed "property" (propriété), where owners have complete rights to "use and abuse" their property as they wish. He contrasted this with what he called "possession," or limited ownership of resources and goods only while in more or less continuous use. Later, however, Proudhon added that "Property is Liberty," and argued that it was a bulwark against state power. His opposition to the state, organised religion, and certain capitalist practices inspired subsequent anarchists, and made him one of the leading social thinkers of his time.										n
297	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism	Anarchism	2015	The French renaissance political philosopher Étienne de La Boétie wrote in his most famous work the Discourse on Voluntary Servitude what some historians consider an important anarchist precedent. The radical Protestant Christian Gerrard Winstanley and his group the Diggers are cited by various authors as proposing anarchist social measures in the 17th century in England. The term "anarchist" first entered the English language in 1642, during the English Civil War, as a term of abuse, used by Royalists against their Roundhead opponents. By the time of the French Revolution some, such as the Enragés, began to use the term positively, in opposition to Jacobin centralisation of power, seeing "revolutionary government" as oxymoronic. By the turn of the 19th century, the English word "anarchism" had lost its initial negative connotation.										n
276	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage	Sabotage	2015	The French Resistance ran an extremely effective sabotage campaign against the Germans during World War II. Receiving their sabotage orders through messages over the BBC radio or by aircraft, the French used both passive and active forms of sabotage. Passive forms included losing German shipments and allowing poor quality material to pass factory inspections. Many active sabotage attempts were against critical rail lines of transportation. German records count 1,429 instances of sabotage from French Resistance forces between January 1942 and February 1943. From January through March 1944, sabotage accounted for three times the number of locomotives damaged by Allied airpower.[17] See also Normandy Landings for more information about sabotage on D-Day.										n
47	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	The Germans also developed a series of teleprinter encryption systems, quite different from Enigma. The Lorenz SZ 40/42 machine was used for high-level Army communications, termed "Tunny" by the British. The first intercepts of Lorenz messages began in 1941. As part of an attack on Tunny, Max Newman and his colleagues helped specify the Colossus.[61]										n
613	https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/7300/pg7300.txt	Woman And The Republic	1897	The Government is spoken of by Suffragists as if it were somethingexterior to and apart from the individual voters--a code of laws that hadbeen set going and would run of itself, the laws being changed by more orfewer votes, but the power to execute being automatic and continuous. Asthis is the opposite of the actual situation, these rebels will have to"break their own blockade" like any others.										n
1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	The history of computing hardware covers the developments from early simple devices to aid calculation to modern day computers.										n
449	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/33944/pg33944.txt	How to Observe Morals and Manners	1838	The homes of the agricultural population will be found to vary in aspectas any one of these systems prevails. In young and prosperous countries,the system of small separate properties is found to conduce toindependence and the virtues which result from it, though it is notfavourable to knowledge and enlightenment. Families live much tothemselves; and thus, while forming strong domestic attachments, theylose sight of what is going on in the world. They become unused to thelight of society, and get to dislike and fear it. The labourers, in suchcase, usually live with the family, whether they be brothers, as oftenhappens in Switzerland; sons, as in many a farm-house of the UnitedStates; or hired servants, as in former times in England,--and still insome retired parts. In each case the picture is easily filled in by theimagination. All are engaged, throughout the year, in the business ofliving. The work is never ending, still beginning; or, if it hasintervals, they are dull and weary, from the absence of interestswherewith to occupy them. The employments of life are innocent, and theprinciple of association is harmless; but if there be ignorance andprejudice in the region, in these farm-houses will they be found; and incompany with them morals of a high order are not to be looked for.										n
171	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry	Textile Industry	2015	The industrial revolution changed the nature of work and society The three key drivers in these changes were textile manufacturing, iron founding and steam power.[14][15][16][17] The geographical focus of textile manufacture in Britain was Manchester, England and the small towns of the Pennines and southern Lancashire.										n
259	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage	Sabotage	2015	The IWW was shaped in part by the industrial unionism philosophy of Big Bill Haywood, and in 1910 Haywood was exposed to sabotage while touring Europe: The experience that had the most lasting impact on Haywood was witnessing a general strike on the French railroads. Tired of waiting for parliament to act on their demands, railroad workers walked off their jobs all across the country. The French government responded by drafting the strikers into the army and then ordering them back to work. Undaunted, the workers carried their strike to the job. Suddenly, they could not seem to do anything right. Perishables sat for weeks, sidetracked and forgotten. Freight bound for Paris was misdirected to Lyon or Marseille instead. This tactic — the French called it "sabotage" — won the strikers their demands and impressed Bill Haywood.[3][4]										n
157	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry	Textile Industry	2015	The key British industry at the beginning of the 18th century was the production of textiles made with wool from the large sheep-farming areas in the Midlands and across the country (created as a result of land-clearance and enclosure).This was a labor-intensive activity providing employment throughout Britain, with major centres being the West Country; Norwich and environs; and the West Riding of Yorkshire. The export trade in woolen goods accounted for more than a quarter of British exports during most of the 18th century, doubling between 1701 and 1770.[2]										n
24	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	The machine was about a century ahead of its time. However, the project was slowed by various problems including disputes with the chief machinist building parts for it. All the parts for his machine had to be made by hand - this was a major problem for a machine with thousands of parts. Eventually, the project was dissolved with the decision of the British Government to cease funding. Babbage's failure to complete the analytical engine can be chiefly attributed to difficulties not only of politics and financing, but also to his desire to develop an increasingly sophisticated computer and to move ahead faster than anyone else could follow. Ada Lovelace, Lord Byron's daughter, translated and added notes to the "Sketch of the Analytical Engine" by Federico Luigi, Conte Menabrea. This appears to be the first published description of programming.[36]										n
61	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	The machine was not intended to be a practical computer but was instead designed as a testbed for the Williams tube, the first random-access digital storage device.[73] Invented by Freddie Williams and Tom Kilburn[74][75] at the University of Manchester in 1946 and 1947, it was a cathode ray tube that used an effect called secondary emission to temporarily store electronic binary data, and was used successfully in several early computers.										n
161	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry	Textile Industry	2015	The main steps in the production of cloth are producing the fibre, preparing it, converting it to yarn, converting yarn to cloth, and then finishing the cloth. The cloth is then taken to the manufacturer of garments. The preparation of the fibres differs the most, depending on the fibre used. Flax requires retting and dressing, while wool requires carding and washing. The spinning and weaving processes are very similar between fibres, however.										n
60	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	The Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine, nicknamed Baby, was the world's first stored-program computer. It was built at the Victoria University of Manchester by Frederic C. Williams, Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill, and ran its first program on 21 June 1948.[72]										n
41	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	The mathematical basis of digital computing was established by the British mathematician George Boole, in his work The Laws of Thought, published in 1854. His Boolean algebra was further refined in the 1860s by William Jevons and Charles Sanders Peirce, and was first presented systematically by Ernst Schröder and A. N. Whitehead.[54]										n
645	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1228/pg1228.txt	On the Origin of species	1859	The meaning of rudimentary organs is often quite unmistakeable: forinstance there are beetles of the same genus (and even of the samespecies) resembling each other most closely in all respects, oneof which will have full-sized wings, and another mere rudiments ofmembrane; and here it is impossible to doubt, that the rudimentsrepresent wings. Rudimentary organs sometimes retain their potentiality,and are merely not developed: this seems to be the case with the mammaeof male mammals, for many instances are on record of these organs havingbecome well developed in full-grown males, and having secreted milk. Soagain there are normally four developed and two rudimentary teats inthe udders of the genus Bos, but in our domestic cows the two sometimesbecome developed and give milk. In individual plants of the samespecies the petals sometimes occur as mere rudiments, and sometimes ina well-developed state. In plants with separated sexes, the male flowersoften have a rudiment of a pistil; and Kolreuter found that by crossingsuch male plants with an hermaphrodite species, the rudiment of thepistil in the hybrid offspring was much increased in size; and thisshows that the rudiment and the perfect pistil are essentially alike innature.										n
106	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining	Mining	2015	The methods had been developed by the Romans in Spain in 25 AD to exploit large alluvial gold deposits, the largest site being at Las Medulas, where seven long aqueducts were built to tap local rivers and to sluice the deposits. Spain was one of the most important mining regions, but all regions of the Roman Empire were exploited. In Great Britain the natives had mined minerals for millennia,[6] but when the Romans came, the scale of the operations changed dramatically.										n
179	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry	Textile Industry	2015	The MFA was introduced in 1974 as a short-term measure intended to allow developed countries to adjust to imports from the developing world. Developing countries have a natural advantage in textile production because it is labor-intensive and they have low labor costs. According to a World Bank/International Monetary Fund (IMF) study, the system has cost the developing world 27 million jobs and $40 billion a year in lost exports.[22]										n
578	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8077/pg8077.txt	The Mind in the Making: The Relation of Intelligence to Social Reform	1921	THE MIND IN THE MAKING										n
214	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty	Liberty	2015	The modern concept of political liberty has its origins in the Greek concepts of freedom and slavery.[8] To be free, to the Greeks, was to not have a master, to be independent from a master (to live like one likes).[9] That was the original Greek concept of freedom. It is closely linked with the concept of democracy, as Aristotle put it: "This, then, is one note of liberty which all democrats affirm to be the principle of their state. Another is that a man should live as he likes. This, they say, is the privilege of a freeman, since, on the other hand, not to live as a man likes is the mark of a slave. This is the second characteristic of democracy, whence has arisen the claim of men to be ruled by none, if possible, or, if this is impossible, to rule and be ruled in turns; and so it contributes to the freedom based upon equality."[10]										n
670	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2162/pg2162.txt	Anarchism and other essays	1910	The most absurd apology for authority and law is that they serve todiminish crime. Aside from the fact that the State is itself thegreatest criminal, breaking every written and natural law, stealingin the form of taxes, killing in the form of war and capitalpunishment, it has come to an absolute standstill in coping withcrime. It has failed utterly to destroy or even minimize thehorrible scourge of its own creation.										n
178	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry	Textile Industry	2015	The Multi Fibre Arrangement (MFA) governed the world trade in textiles and garments from 1974 through 2004, imposing quotas on the amount developing countries could export to developed countries. It expired on 1 January 2005.										n
99	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining	Mining	2015	The nature of mining processes creates a potential negative impact on the environment both during the mining operations and for years after the mine is closed. This impact has led most of the world's nations to adopt regulations designed to moderate the negative effects of mining operations. Safety has long been a concern as well, and modern practices have improved safety in mines significantly.										n
91	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	The next great advance in computing power came with the advent of the integrated circuit. The idea of the integrated circuit was conceived by a radar scientist working for the Royal Radar Establishment of the Ministry of Defence, Geoffrey W.A. Dummer. Dummer presented the first public description of an integrated circuit at the Symposium on Progress in Quality Electronic Components in Washington, D.C. on 7 May 1952:[121]										n
471	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/33944/pg33944.txt	How to Observe Morals and Manners	1838	The observer must note what the clergy themselves consider theirfunction to be;--whether to guide individual minds; or to cultivatetheological and other studies, in order to place their results at thedisposal of the minds with which they have to deal; or to express inworship the feelings of those minds; or to influence the socialinstitutions by which the minds of the people are modified; or to do anyother of the many things which the priests of different countries, andages, and faiths, have in turn included in their function. He will notewhether they are most like the tyrannical Brahmins, who at onestroke--by declaring the institution of Caste to be of divineauthority--obtained boundless control over a thousand generations,subjecting all intellects and all hands to a routine which could beeasily superintended by the forty thousand of the favoured priestlyrace; or whether they are like the Christian clergy of the dark ages, apart of whose duty it was to learn the deepest secrets of the proudestand lowliest,--thus obtaining the means of bringing to pass what eventsthey wished, both in public and private life;--or whether they are likesuch students as have been known in the theological world,--men who havenot crossed the threshold of their libraries for eighteen years, and whoare satisfied with their lives, if they have been able to elevateBiblical science, and to throw any new light on sacred history;--orwhether they are like the American clergy of the present day, whoseexertions are directed towards the art of preaching;--or whether theyare like the ministers of the Established Church in England, who arepolitically represented, and large numbers of whom employ theirinfluence for political purposes. Each of these kinds of clergy must beyielded by a particular state of society, and could not belong to anyother. The Hindoos must be in a low degree of civilization, and sunk ina deadly superstition, or they would tolerate no Brahmins. The people offour centuries ago must have depended solely upon their priests forknowledge and direction, or they would not have submitted to theirinquisitorial practices. Germany must have advanced far in herappreciation of philosophical and critical research in theology, or shewould not have such devoted students as she can boast of. The Americanscannot have attained to any high practice of spiritual liberty, or theycould not follow preaching so zealously as they do. The English cannothave fully understood, or taken to heart the principles of theReformation, which have so long been their theme of eulogy, or theywould not foster a political hierarchy within the bosom of their church.										n
101	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining	Mining	2015	The oldest known mine on archaeological record is the "Lion Cave" in Swaziland, which radiocarbon dating shows to be about 43,000 years old. At this site Paleolithic humans mined hematite to make the red pigment ochre.[2][3] Mines of a similar age in Hungary are believed to be sites where Neanderthals may have mined flint for weapons and tools.										n
713	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/13176/pg13176.txt	The Abolitionists (Together With Personal Memories Of The Struggle For Human Rights)	1830-1864	The original and distinctive Abolition movement that was directedagainst slavery in all parts of the land without regard to State orterritorial lines, and because it was assumed to be wrong in principleand practice, may be said, as far as the country at large wasconcerned, to have culminated at the advent of the Republican party.To a considerable extent it disappeared, but its disappearance wasthat of one stream flowing into or uniting with another. The union ofthe two currents extended, but did not intensify, the Anti-Slaverysentiment of the country. It diluted it and really weakenedit. It brought about a crisis of great peril to the cause ofAnti-Slaveryism--in some respects the most critical through which itwas called upon to pass. Many of those attaching themselves to theRepublican party, as the new political organization was called, werenot in sympathy with Abolitionism. They were utterly opposed toimmediate emancipation; or, for that matter, to emancipation of anykind. They wanted slavery to remain where it was, and were perfectlywilling that it should be undisturbed. They disliked the blacks, anddid not want to have them freed, fearing that if set at liberty theywould overrun what was then free soil.										n
66	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	The other contender for being the first recognizably modern digital stored-program computer[79] was the EDSAC,[80] designed and constructed by Maurice Wilkes and his team at the University of Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory in England at the University of Cambridge in 1949. The machine was inspired by John von Neumann's seminal First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC and was one of the first usefully operational electronic digital stored-program computer.[81]										n
457	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/33944/pg33944.txt	How to Observe Morals and Manners	1838	The other way in which heart is found to answer to heart is too obviousto require to be long dwelt upon. Men not only see according to thelight they shed from their own breasts,--whether it be the sunshine ofgenerosity or the hell-flames of bad passions,--but they attract tothemselves spirits like their own. The very same persons appear verydifferently to a traveller who calls into exercise all their bestqualities, and to one who has an affinity with their worst: but it is ayet more important consideration that actually different elements ofsociety will range themselves round the observer according to thescepticism or faith of his temper, the purity or depravity of histastes, and the elevation or insignificance of his objects. TheAmericans, somewhat nettled with the injustice of English travellers'reports of their country, have jokingly proposed to take lodgings inWapping for some thorough-bred American vixen, of low tastes and coarsemanners, and employ her to write an account of English morals andmanners from what she might see in a year's abode in the choice localityselected for her. This would be no great exaggeration of the process ofobservation of foreigners which is perpetually going on.										n
306	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism	Anarchism	2015	The Paris Commune was a government that briefly ruled Paris from 18 March (more formally, from 28 March) to 28 May 1871. The Commune was the result of an uprising in Paris after France was defeated in the Franco-Prussian War. Anarchists participated actively in the establishment of the Paris Commune. They included Louise Michel, the Reclus brothers, and Eugene Varlin (the latter murdered in the repression afterwards). As for the reforms initiated by the Commune, such as the re-opening of workplaces as co-operatives, anarchists can see their ideas of associated labour beginning to be realised ... Moreover, the Commune's ideas on federation obviously reflected the influence of Proudhon on French radical ideas. Indeed, the Commune's vision of a communal France based on a federation of delegates bound by imperative mandates issued by their electors and subject to recall at any moment echoes Bakunin's and Proudhon's ideas (Proudhon, like Bakunin, had argued in favour of the "implementation of the binding mandate" in 1848 ... and for federation of communes). Thus both economically and politically the Paris Commune was heavily influenced by anarchist ideas.										n
583	https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/7300/pg7300.txt	Woman And The Republic	1897	The past fifty years have wrought more change in the conditions of lifethan could many a Cathayan cycle. The growth of religious liberty,enlargement of foreign and home missions, the Temperance movement, thegiant war waged for principle, are among the causes of this change. Thesettlement of the great West, the opening of professions and trades towoman consequent upon the loss of more than a half million of the nation'smost stalwart men, the mechanical inventions that have changed home andtrade conditions, the sudden advance of science, the expansion of mind andof work that are fostered by the play of a free government,--all thesehave tended to place man and woman, but especially woman, where somethinglike a new heaven and a new earth are in the distant vision.										n
503	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22306/pg22306.txt	Human Traits and their Social Significance	1920	The Pelican is distinguished by its love for its young. As thesebegin to grow they strike at their parents' faces, and the parentsstrike back and kill them. Then the parents take pity, and on thethird day the mother comes and opens her side and lets the bloodflow on the dead young ones, and they become alive again. ThusGod cast off mankind after the Fall, and delivered them over todeath; but he took pity on us, as a mother, for by the Crucifixion Heawoke us with His blood to eternal life.[2]										n
478	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22306/pg22306.txt	Human Traits and their Social Significance	1920	The percentages of males reaching or exceeding the median abilityof females in such traits as have been subjected to exact investigationare roughly as follows:										n
618	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1228/pg1228.txt	On the Origin of species	1859	The points of structure, in which the embryos of widely differentanimals of the same class resemble each other, often have no directrelation to their conditions of existence. We cannot, for instance,suppose that in the embryos of the vertebrata the peculiar loop-likecourse of the arteries near the branchial slits are related to similarconditions,--in the young mammal which is nourished in the womb of itsmother, in the egg of the bird which is hatched in a nest, and in thespawn of a frog under water. We have no more reason to believe in sucha relation, than we have to believe that the same bones in the hand ofa man, wing of a bat, and fin of a porpoise, are related to similarconditions of life. No one will suppose that the stripes on the whelpof a lion, or the spots on the young blackbird, are of any use to theseanimals, or are related to the conditions to which they are exposed.										n
216	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty	Liberty	2015	The populations of the Persian Empire enjoyed some degree of freedom. Citizens of all religions and ethnic groups were given the same rights and had the same freedom of religion, women had the same rights as men, and slavery was abolished (550 BC). All the palaces of the kings of Persia were built by paid workers in an era when slaves typically did such work.[12]										n
229	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty	Liberty	2015	The predominance of this view of liberty among parliamentarians during the English Civil War resulted to the creation of the liberal concept of freedom as non-interference in Thomas Hobbes's Leviathan.										n
697	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/13176/pg13176.txt	The Abolitionists (Together With Personal Memories Of The Struggle For Human Rights)	1830-1864	The prescribed penalties for assisting in the escape of fugitiveslaves were severe. By the terms of the Fugitive Slave Act, as it wascalled, any one convicted of that offense, besides a liability for onethousand dollars damages recoverable in a civil action, was subject toa five-hundred-dollars fine and imprisonment in a penitentiary for oneyear. As the writer has not "done time" for participation in certaintransactions dating back to his earlier days, in which the legalrights of slave-owners were indifferently respected, he thinks itadvisable to be somewhat reserved in his recital of personalexperiences when taking the public into his confidence. The FugitiveSlave Law--and for that fact we should give "most hearty thanks"--isabout as dead as any statute can be, but as in the case of a snakethat has been killed, it may be the wiser course not to trifle withits fangs. Therefore, instead of telling my own story in the firstperson singular, I offer as a substitute the confession of one JohnSmith, whose existence no one will presume to dispute. Here is hisstatement:										n
664	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2162/pg2162.txt	Anarchism and other essays	1910	The primitive man, ignorant of natural forces, dreaded theirapproach, hiding from the perils they threatened. As man learned tounderstand Nature's phenomena, he realized that though these maydestroy life and cause great loss, they also bring relief. To theearnest student it must be apparent that the accumulated forces inour social and economic life, culminating in a political act ofviolence, are similar to the terrors of the atmosphere, manifested instorm and lightning.										n
33	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	The principle of the modern computer was first described by computer scientist Alan Turing, who set out the idea in his seminal 1936 paper,[43] On Computable Numbers. Turing reformulated Kurt Gödel's 1931 results on the limits of proof and computation, replacing Gödel's universal arithmetic-based formal language with the formal and simple hypothetical devices that became known as Turing machines. He proved that some such machine would be capable of performing any conceivable mathematical computation if it were representable as an algorithm. He went on to prove that there was no solution to the Entscheidungsproblem by first showing that the halting problem for Turing machines is undecidable: in general, it is not possible to decide algorithmically whether a given Turing machine will ever halt.										n
564	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8077/pg8077.txt	The Mind in the Making: The Relation of Intelligence to Social Reform	1921	The process by which a fresh and original poem or drama comes intobeing is doubtless analogous to that which originates and elaboratesso-called scientific discoveries; but there is clearly a temperamentaldifference. The genesis and advance of painting, sculpture, and musicoffer still other problems. We really as yet know shockingly littleabout these matters, and indeed very few people have the leastcuriosity about them.[8] Nevertheless, creative intelligence in itsvarious forms and activities is what makes man. Were it not for itsslow, painful, and constantly discouraged operations through the agesman would be no more than a species of primate living on seeds, fruit,roots, and uncooked flesh, and wandering naked through the woods andover the plains like a chimpanzee.										n
122	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining	Mining	2015	The process of mining from discovery of an ore body through extraction of minerals and finally to returning the land to its natural state consists of several distinct steps. The first is discovery of the ore body, which is carried out through prospecting or exploration to find and then define the extent, location and value of the ore body. This leads to a mathematical resource estimation to estimate the size and grade of the deposit.										n
23	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	The programming language to be employed by users was akin to modern day assembly languages. Loops and conditional branching were possible, and so the language as conceived would have been Turing-complete as later defined by Alan Turing. Three different types of punch cards were used: one for arithmetical operations, one for numerical constants, and one for load and store operations, transferring numbers from the store to the arithmetical unit or back. There were three separate readers for the three types of cards.										n
357	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism	Social Darwinism	2015	The publication of Ernst Haeckel's best-selling Welträtsel ('Riddle of the Universe') in 1899 brought social Darwinism and earlier ideas of racial hygiene to a wider audience. His recapitulation theory was not Darwinism, but rather attempted to combine the ideas of Goethe, Lamarck and Darwin. It was adopted by emerging social sciences to support the concept that non-European societies were "primitive" in an early stage of development towards the European ideal, but since then it has been heavily refuted on many fronts Haeckel's works led to the formation of the Monist League in 1904 with many prominent citizens among its members, including the Nobel Prize winner Wilhelm Ostwald. By 1909, it had a membership of some six thousand people.										n
722	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/13176/pg13176.txt	The Abolitionists (Together With Personal Memories Of The Struggle For Human Rights)	1830-1864	The Radicals of Missouri sent deputation after deputation to the WhiteHouse, and got nothing they wanted. The Conservatives never sent adeputation, and got all they wanted. They had advocates at thePresident's elbows all the time.										n
474	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/33944/pg33944.txt	How to Observe Morals and Manners	1838	The result of the whole of what he hears will probably be to thetraveller of the same kind with that which the journey of life yields tothe wisest of its pilgrims. As he proceeds, he will learn to condemnless, and to admire, not less, but differently. He will find nointellect infallible, no judgment free from prejudice, and therefore noaffections without their bias; but, on the other hand, he will find noerror which does not branch out of some truth; no wrath which has notsome reason in it; nothing wrong which is not the perversion ofsomething right; no wickedness that is not weakness. If he is compelledto give up the adoration of individuals, the man-worship which is thereligion of young days, he surrenders with it the spirit of contemptwhich ought also to be proper to youth. To a healthy mind it isimpossible to mix largely with men, under a variety of circumstances,and wholly to despise either societies or individuals; so magnificent isthe intellect of men in combination, so universal are their mostprivately nourished affections. He must deny himself the repose ofimplicit faith in the intellect of any one; but he cannot refuse theluxury of trust in the moral power of the whole. Instead of the completeset of dogmas with which he was perhaps once furnished, on the authorityof a few individuals, he brings home a store of learning on the greatsubject of human prejudices: but he cannot have watched the vast effectsof a community of sentiment,--he cannot have observed multitudestranquillized into social order, stimulated to social duty, and evenimpelled to philanthropic self-sacrifice, without being convinced thatmen were made to live in a bond of brotherhood. He cannot have sat inconversation under the village elm, or in sunny vineyards, or by theembers of the midnight fire, without knowing how spirit is formed tounfold itself to spirit; and how, when the solitary is set in families,his sympathies bind him to them by such a chain as selfish interestnever yet wove. He cannot have travelled wisely and well without beingconvinced that moral power is the force which lifts man to be not onlylord of the earth, but scarcely below the angels; and that the higherspecies of moral power, which are likely to come more and more intouse, clothe him in a kind of divinity to which angels themselves mightbow.--No one will doubt this who has been admitted into that range ofsanctuaries, the homes of nations; and who has witnessed the godlikeachievements of the servants, sages, and martyrs, who have existedwherever man has been.										n
320	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism	Anarchism	2015	The revolutionary wave of 1917–23 saw the active participation of anarchists in varying degrees of protagonism. In the German uprising known as the German Revolution of 1918–1919 which established the Bavarian Soviet Republic the anarchists Gustav Landauer, Silvio Gesell and Erich Mühsam had important leadership positions within the revolutionary councilist structures. In the Italian events known as the biennio rosso, the anarcho-syndicalist trade union Unione Sindacale Italiana "grew to 800,000 members and the influence of the Italian Anarchist Union (20,000 members plus Umanita Nova, its daily paper) grew accordingly ... Anarchists were the first to suggest occupying workplaces. In the Mexican Revolution the Mexican Liberal Party was established and during the early 1910s it led a series of military offensives leading to the conquest and occupation of certain towns and districts in Baja California with the leadership of anarcho-communist Ricardo Flores Magón.										n
107	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining	Mining	2015	The Romans needed what Britain possessed, especially gold, silver, tin, and lead. Roman techniques were not limited to surface mining. They followed the ore veins underground once opencast mining was no longer feasible. At Dolaucothi they stoped out the veins, and drove adits through barren rock to drain the stopes. The same adits were also used to ventilate the workings, especially important when fire-setting was used. At other parts of the site, they penetrated the water table and dewatered the mines using several kinds of machine, especially reverse overshot water-wheels. These were used extensively in the copper mines at Rio Tinto in Spain, where one sequence comprised 16 such wheels arranged in pairs, and lifting water about 80 feet (24 m). They were worked as treadmills with miners standing on the top slats. Many examples of such devices have been found in old Roman mines and some examples are now preserved in the British Museum and the National Museum of Wales.[7]										n
105	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining	Mining	2015	The Romans used hydraulic mining methods on a large scale to prospect for the veins of ore, especially a now obsolete form of mining known as hushing. It involved building numerous aqueducts to supply water to the minehead where it was stored in large reservoirs and tanks. When a full tank was opened, the wave of water sluiced away the overburden to expose the bedrock underneath and any gold veins. The rock was then attacked by fire-setting to heat the rock, which would be quenched with a stream of water. The thermal shock cracked the rock, enabling it to be removed, aided by further streams of water from the overhead tanks. The Roman miners used similar methods to work cassiterite deposits in Cornwall and lead ore in the Pennines.										n
708	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/13176/pg13176.txt	The Abolitionists (Together With Personal Memories Of The Struggle For Human Rights)	1830-1864	The same feeling largely prevailed among leading Republicans outsideof Congress. Henry J. Raymond, of the New York _Times_, in his _Lifeof Lincoln_, says that at that time "nearly all the originalAbolitionists and many of the more decidedly Anti-Slavery members ofthe Republican party were dissatisfied with the President." Moreexplicit testimony is the statement, in his _Political Recollections_,of George W. Julian, for many years a leading member of Congress fromIndiana. He says:										n
506	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22306/pg22306.txt	Human Traits and their Social Significance	1920	The second step after the situation has been examined andits precise elements defined, is _suggestion_. That is, weconsider the various possibilities which _suggest_ themselves assolutions to our problem. There may be several ways of temporarilyrepairing our engine; the doctor may think of two orthree possible treatments for a disease. In one sense, suggestionis uncontrollable. The kind of suggestions that occur toan individual depend on his "genius or temperament," on hispast experiences, on his hopes or fears or expectations whenthat particular situation occurs. We can, however, throughthe methods of science, control suggestions indirectly. Wecan do this, in the first place, by reëxamining the facts whichgive rise to suggestion. If upon close examination, the factsappear differently from what they did at first, we will derivedifferent inferences from them. Different suggestions willarise from the facts _A, B, C_, than from the facts _A', B', C'_.Again we can regulate the conditions under which credence isgiven to the various suggestions that arise. These suggestionsare entertained merely as tentative, and are not accepteduntil experimentally verified. "The suggested conclusion asonly tentatively entertained constitutes an idea."										n
109	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining	Mining	2015	The silver crisis of 1465 occurred when the mines had all reached depths at which the shafts could no longer be pumped dry with the available technology.[9] Although an increased use of bank notes and credit during this period did decrease the value of, and dependence on, precious metals, these forms of currency still remained vital to the story of medieval mining.										n
358	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism	Social Darwinism	2015	The simpler aspects of social Darwinism followed the earlier Malthusian ideas that humans, especially males, require competition in their lives in order to survive in the future. Further, the poor should have to provide for themselves and not be given any aid. However, amidst this climate, most social Darwinists of the early twentieth century actually supported better working conditions and salaries. Such measures would grant the poor a better chance to provide for themselves yet still distinguish those who are capable of succeeding from those who are poor out of laziness, weakness, or inferiority.										n
219	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty	Liberty	2015	The social contract theory, most influentially formulated by Hobbes, John Locke and Rousseau (though first suggested by Plato in The Republic), was among the first to provide a political classification of rights, in particular through the notion of sovereignty and of natural rights. The thinkers of the Enlightenment reasoned that law governed both heavenly and human affairs, and that law gave the king his power, rather than the king's power giving force to law. The divine right of kings was thus opposed to the sovereign's unchecked auctoritas. This conception of law would find its culmination in the ideas of Montesquieu. The conception of law as a relationship between individuals, rather than families, came to the fore, and with it the increasing focus on individual liberty as a fundamental reality, given by "Nature and Nature's God," which, in the ideal state, would be as universal as possible.										n
685	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2162/pg2162.txt	Anarchism and other essays	1910	The Spanish republican rebels were subdued. It takes more than onebrave effort to split the rock of ages, to cut off the head of thathydra monster, the Catholic Church and the Spanish throne. Arrest,persecution, and punishment followed the heroic attempt of the littleband. Those who could escape the bloodhounds had to flee for safetyto foreign shores. Francisco Ferrer was among the latter. He wentto France.										n
311	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism	Anarchism	2015	The Spanish Workers Federation in 1881 was the first major anarcho-syndicalist movement; anarchist trade union federations were of special importance in Spain. The most successful was the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (National Confederation of Labour: CNT), founded in 1910. Before the 1940s, the CNT was the major force in Spanish working class politics, attracting 1.58 million members at one point and playing a major role in the Spanish Civil War. The CNT was affiliated with the International Workers Association, a federation of anarcho-syndicalist trade unions founded in 1922, with delegates representing two million workers from 15 countries in Europe and Latin America. In Latin America in particular "The anarchists quickly became active in organizing craft and industrial workers throughout South and Central America, and until the early 1920s most of the trade unions in Mexico, Brazil, Peru, Chile, and Argentina were anarcho-syndicalist in general outlook; the prestige of the Spanish C.N.T. as a revolutionary organization was undoubtedly to a great extent responsible for this situation. The largest and most militant of these organizations was the Federación Obrera Regional Argentina ... it grew quickly to a membership of nearly a quarter of a million, which dwarfed the rival socialdemocratic unions."										n
63	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	The SSEM had a 32-bit word length and a memory of 32 words. As it was designed to be the simplest possible stored-program computer, the only arithmetic operations implemented in hardware were subtraction and negation; other arithmetic operations were implemented in software. The first of three programs written for the machine found the highest proper divisor of 218 (262,144), a calculation that was known would take a long time to run—and so prove the computer's reliability—by testing every integer from 218 - 1 downwards, as division was implemented by repeated subtraction of the divisor. The program consisted of 17 instructions and ran for 52 minutes before reaching the correct answer of 131,072, after the SSEM had performed 3.5 million operations (for an effective CPU speed of 1.1 kIPS).										n
589	https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/7300/pg7300.txt	Woman And The Republic	1897	The States where they have full suffrage are Utah, Wyoming, Colorado, andIdaho. How far was its introduction into these States the result ofadvanced legislation in accord with true republicanism? Utah Territory wasthe first spot in the country in which the measure gained a foothold, andthat was not believed by its introducers to be a part of the UnitedStates. The Mormons who founded Salt Lake City supposed themselves to besettling on Mexican territory, outside the jurisdiction of American law.Woman suffrage was almost coincident with its beginnings, and it came as alegitimate part of the union of state and church, of communism, ofpolygamy. The dangers that especially threaten a republican form ofgovernment are anarchy, communism, and religious bigotry; and two of thesefound their fullest expression, in this country, in the Mormon creed andpractice. Fealty to Mormonism was disloyalty to the United StatesGovernment. Thus, the introduction of woman suffrage within our borderswas not only undemocratic, it was anti-democratic.										n
597	https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/7300/pg7300.txt	Woman And The Republic	1897	The States where they have full suffrage are Utah, Wyoming, Colorado, andIdaho. How far was its introduction into these States the result ofadvanced legislation in accord with true republicanism? Utah Territory wasthe first spot in the country in which the measure gained a foothold, andthat was not believed by its introducers to be a part of the UnitedStates. The Mormons who founded Salt Lake City supposed themselves to besettling on Mexican territory, outside the jurisdiction of American law.Woman suffrage was almost coincident with its beginnings, and it came as alegitimate part of the union of state and church, of communism, ofpolygamy. The dangers that especially threaten a republican form ofgovernment are anarchy, communism, and religious bigotry; and two of thesefound their fullest expression, in this country, in the Mormon creed andpractice. Fealty to Mormonism was disloyalty to the United StatesGovernment. Thus, the introduction of woman suffrage within our borderswas not only undemocratic, it was anti-democratic.										n
526	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/29508/pg29508.txt	The Ethics of Cooperation	1918	The strongest point in the nationalist programme is, however, not inany wise opposed to coöperation, but rather to dominance or non-socialcompetition. The strongest point is the importance of diversitycombined with group unity for the fullest enrichment of life and thewidest development of human capacity. A world all of one sort would notonly be less interesting, but less progressive. We are stimulated bydifferent customs, temperaments, arts, and ideals. But all this is thestrongest argument for genuine coöperation, since by this only candiversity be helpful, even as it is only through diversity in itsmembers that a community can develop fullest life. A world organizationbased on the principle that any single group is best and thereforeought to rule, or to displace all others, would be a calamity. A worldorganization which encourages every member to be itself would be ablessing.										n
582	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8077/pg8077.txt	The Mind in the Making: The Relation of Intelligence to Social Reform	1921	The students of natural phenomena early realized the arduous path theyhad to travel. They had to escape, above all things, from the past.They perceived that they could look for no help from those whosespecial business it was to philosophize and moralize in terms of thepast. They had to look for light in their own way and in thedirections from which they conjectured it might come. Their firstobject was, as Bacon put it, _light_, not _fruit_. They had to learnbefore they could undertake changes, and Descartes is very careful tosay that philosophic doubt was not to be carried over to dailyconduct. This should for the time being conform to accepted standards,unenlightened as they might be.										n
462	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/33944/pg33944.txt	How to Observe Morals and Manners	1838	The subordinate purpose of the journal is to record facts; and the wayin which this is done ought not to depend on the stationer's rule, buton the nature of the traveller's mind. No man can write down daily allthat he learns in a day's travel. It ought to be a matter of seriousconsideration with him what he will insert, and what trust to hismemory. The simplest method seems to be to set down what is most likelyto be let slip, and to trust to the memory what the affections andtastes of the traveller will not allow him to forget. One who especiallyenjoys intimate domestic intercourse will write, not firesideconversations, but the opinions of statesmen, and the doctrine ofparties on great social questions. One whose tastes are religious willnote less on the subject of public worship and private religiousdiscourse, than dates, numbers, and facts on subjects of subordinateinterest. All should record anecdotes and sayings which illustratecharacter. These are disjointed, and will escape almost any memory, ifnot secured in writing. Those who do not draw should also note scenery.A very few descriptive touches will bring back a landscape, with all itshuman interest, after a lapse of years: while perhaps there is no memoryin the world which will present unaided the distinctive character of asuccession of scenes. The returned traveller is ashamed to see theextent of his record of his personal feelings. His changes of mood, hissufferings from heat or cold, from hunger or weariness, are the mostinteresting things to him at the moment; and down they go, in the placeof things much better worth recording, and he pays the penalty in many ablush hereafter. His best method will be to record as little as possibleabout himself; and, of other things, most of what he is pretty sure toforget, and least of what he can hardly help remembering.										n
338	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism	Social Darwinism	2015	The term "social Darwinism" has rarely been used by advocates of the supposed ideologies or ideas; instead it has almost always been used (pejoratively) by its opponents, with one modern exception. The term "social Darwinism" is self-ascribed in the case of the Church of Satan and modern Satanism (see chapter heading "Contemporary Proponents of Social Darwinism")] The term draws upon the common use of the term Darwinism, which has been used to describe a range of evolutionary views, but in the late 19th century was applied more specifically to natural selection as first advanced by Charles Darwin to explain speciation in populations of organisms. The process includes competition between individuals for limited resources, popularly but inaccurately described by the phrase "survival of the fittest," a term coined by sociologist Herbert Spencer.										n
295	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism	Anarchism	2015	The term anarchism is a compound word composed from the word anarchy and the suffix -ism, themselves derived respectively from the Greek ἀναρχία, i.e. anarchy (from ἄναρχος, anarchos, meaning "one without rulers"; from the privative prefix ἀν- (an-, i.e. "without") and ἀρχός, archos, i.e. "leader", "ruler"; (cf. archon or ἀρχή, arkhē, i.e. "authority", "sovereignty", "realm", "magistracy")) and the suffix -ισμός or -ισμα (-ismos, -isma, from the verbal infinitive suffix -ίζειν, -izein). The first known use of this word was in 1539.Anarchist was the term adopted by Maximilien de Robespierre to attack those on the left whom he had used for his own ends during the French Revolution but was determined to get rid of, though among these "anarchists" there were few who exhibited the social revolt characteristics of later anarchists. There would be many revolutionaries of the early nineteenth century who contributed to the anarchist doctrines of the next generation, such as William Godwin and Wilhelm Weitling, but they did not use the word anarchist or anarchism in describing themselves or their beliefs. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon was the first political philosopher to call himself an anarchist, marking the formal birth of anarchism in the mid-nineteenth century. Since the 1890s from France, the term libertarianism has often been used as a synonym for anarchism and was used almost exclusively in this sense until the 1950s in the United States; its use as a synonym is still common outside the United States. On the other hand, some use libertarianism to refer to individualistic free-market philosophy only, referring to free-market anarchism as libertarian anarchism.										n
340	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism	Social Darwinism	2015	The term Darwinism had been coined by Thomas Henry Huxley in his April 1860 review of "On the Origin of Species", and by the 1870s it was used to describe a range of concepts of evolutionism or development, without any specific commitment to Charles Darwin's own theory.										n
337	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism	Social Darwinism	2015	The term first appeared in Europe in 1877, and around this time it was used by sociologists opposed to the concept. The term was popularized in the United States in 1944 by the American historian Richard Hofstadter who used it in the ideological war effort against fascism to denote a reactionary creed which promoted competitive strife, racism and chauvinism. Hofstadter later also recognized (what he saw as) the influence of Darwinist and other evolutionary ideas upon those with collectivist views, enough to devise a term for the phenomenon, "Darwinist collectivism." Before Hofstadter's work the use of the term "social Darwinism" in English academic journals was quite rare. In fact, “...there is considerable evidence that the entire concept of "social Darwinism" as we know it today was virtually invented by Richard Hofstadter. Eric Foner, in an introduction to a then-new edition of Hofstadter's book published in the early 1990s, declines to go quite that far. "Hofstadter did not invent the term Social Darwinism," Foner writes, "which originated in Europe in the 1860s and crossed the Atlantic in the early twentieth century. But before he wrote, it was used only on rare occasions; he made it a standard shorthand for a complex of late-nineteenth-century ideas, a familiar part of the lexicon of social thought." —Jeff Riggenbach										n
285	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage	Sabotage	2015	The term political sabotage is sometimes used to define the acts of one political camp to disrupt, harass or damage the reputation of a political opponent, usually during an electoral campaign. See Watergate. The term could also describe the actions and expenditures of private entities, corporations and organizations against democratically approved or enacted laws, policies and programs.										n
334	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism	Social Darwinism	2015	The term social Darwinism gained widespread currency when used after 1944 by opponents of these earlier concepts. Today, because of the negative connotations of the theory of social Darwinism, especially after the atrocities of the Second World War, few people would describe themselves as social Darwinists and the term is generally seen as pejorative.										n
163	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry	Textile Industry	2015	The textile industry grew out of the industrial revolution in the 18th Century as mass production of yarn and cloth became a mainstream industry.[7]										n
151	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry	Textile Industry	2015	The textile industry or apparel industry is primarily concerned with the production of yarn, and cloth and the subsequent design or manufacture of clothing and their distribution. The raw material may be natural, or synthetic using products of the chemical industry.										n
57	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	The theoretical basis for the stored-program computer had been laid by Alan Turing in his 1936 paper. In 1945 Turing joined the National Physical Laboratory and began work on developing an electronic stored-program digital computer. His 1945 report ‘Proposed Electronic Calculator’ was the first specification for such a device.										n
84	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	The Transistor Computer's design was adopted by the local engineering firm of Metropolitan-Vickers in their Metrovick 950, the first commercial transistor computer anywhere.[111] Six Metrovick 950s were built, the first completed in 1956. They were successfully deployed within various departments of the company and were in use for about five years.[104]										n
270	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage	Sabotage	2015	The United States Office of Strategic Services, later renamed the CIA, noted specific value in committing simple sabotage against the enemy during wartime: "... slashing tires, draining fuel tanks, starting fires, starting arguments, acting stupidly, short-circuiting electric systems, abrading machine parts will waste materials, manpower, and time." To underline the importance of simple sabotage on a widespread scale, they wrote, "Widespread practice of simple sabotage will harass and demoralize enemy administrators and police." The OSS was also focused on the battle for hearts and minds during wartime; "the very practice of simple sabotage by natives in enemy or occupied territory may make these individuals identify themselves actively with the United Nations War effort, and encourage them to assist openly in periods of Allied invasion and occupation."[14]										n
53	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	The US-built ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was the first electronic programmable computer built in the US. Although the ENIAC was similar to the Colossus it was much faster and more flexible. It was unambiguously a Turing-complete device and could compute any problem that would fit into its memory. Like the Colossus, a "program" on the ENIAC was defined by the states of its patch cables and switches, a far cry from the stored program electronic machines that came later. Once a program was written, it had to be mechanically set into the machine with manual resetting of plugs and switches.										n
174	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry	Textile Industry	2015	The variety of synthetic fibres used in manufacturing fibre grew steadily throughout the 20th century. In the 1920s, acetate was invented; in the 1940s, acetate, modacrylic, metal fibres, and saran were developed; acrylic, polyester, and spandex were introduced in the 1950s. Polyester became hugely popular in the apparel market, and by the late 1970s, more polyester was sold in the United States than cotton.[18]										n
319	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism	Anarchism	2015	The victory of the Bolsheviks in the October Revolution and the resulting Russian Civil War did serious damage to anarchist movements internationally. Many workers and activists saw Bolshevik success as setting an example; Communist parties grew at the expense of anarchism and other socialist movements. In France and the United States, for example, members of the major syndicalist movements of the CGT and IWW left the organisations and joined the Communist International.										n
281	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage	Sabotage	2015	The Viet Cong used swimmer saboteurs often and effectively during the Vietnam War. Between 1969 and 1970, swimmer saboteurs sunk, destroyed, or damaged 77 assets of the U.S. and its allies. Viet Cong swimmers were poorly equipped but well trained and resourceful. The swimmers provided a low cost/ low risk option with high payoff; possible loss to the country for failure compared to the possible gains from a successful mission led to the obvious conclusion the swimmer saboteurs were a good idea.[21]										n
701	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/13176/pg13176.txt	The Abolitionists (Together With Personal Memories Of The Struggle For Human Rights)	1830-1864	The way in which the idea of writing the book came to the author wassignificant of the will that produced it. A lady friend wrote Mrs.Stowe a letter in which she said, "If I could use a pen as you can, Iwould write something that would make the whole nation feel what anaccursed thing slavery is." When the letter reached its destination,and Mrs. Stowe came to the passage above quoted, as the story is toldby a friend who was present, she sprang to her feet, crushed theletter in her hand in the intensity of her feeling, and with anexpression on her face of the utmost determination, exclaimed, "If Ilive, I will write something that will do that thing."										n
112	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining	Mining	2015	The widespread adoption of agricultural innovations such as the iron plowshare, as well as the growing use of metal as a building material, was also a driving force in the tremendous growth of the iron industry during this period. Inventions like the arrastra were often used by the Spanish to pulverize ore after being mined. This device was powered by animals and used the same principles used for grain threshing.[13]										n
426	https://www.gutenberg.org/files/31529/31529-0.txt	Modern Marriage and How To Bear It	1908	The world has become well accustomed to man’s polygamous instinct bynow, and even its laws are framed accordingly. In novels, the discoveryof a husband’s infidelity always causes a perfect cataclysm; the readeris treated to page after page of frenzied scenes; the wife almost losesher reason; her friends and relatives sit in gloomy council deciding‘what is to be done’; the news is shouted from the housetops; andeverybody cuts the man dead.										n
19	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	The world's first all-electronic desktop calculator was the British Bell Punch ANITA, released in 1961.[28][29] It used vacuum tubes, cold-cathode tubes and Dekatrons in its circuits, with 12 cold-cathode "Nixie" tubes for its display. The ANITA sold well since it was the only electronic desktop calculator available, and was silent and quick. The tube technology was superseded in June 1963 by the U.S. manufactured Friden EC-130, which had an all-transistor design, a stack of four 13-digit numbers displayed on a 5-inch (13 cm) CRT, and introduced reverse Polish notation (RPN).										n
694	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/13176/pg13176.txt	The Abolitionists (Together With Personal Memories Of The Struggle For Human Rights)	1830-1864	The writer hereof was a witness to one incident that showed somethingof the loss that Mr. Chase sustained in a business way because of hisprinciples. While a law student in a country village he was sent downto Cincinnati to secure certain testimony in the form of affidavits.During his visit he called at Mr. Chase's law office, introducedhimself, and was very pleasantly received. He noticed that there was anotary public in the office.										n
36	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	The Z2 was one of the earliest examples of an electromechanical relay computer, and was created by German engineer Konrad Zuse in 1939. It was an improvement on his earlier Z1; although it used the same mechanical memory, it replaced the arithmetic and control logic with electrical relay circuits.[45]										n
115	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining	Mining	2015	There are ancient, prehistoric copper mines along Lake Superior, and metallic copper was still found there, near the surface, in colonial times. [15] [16] [17] Indians availed themselves of this copper starting at least 5,000 years ago,"[15] and copper tools, arrowheads, and other artifacts that were part of an extensive native trade network have been discovered. In addition, obsidian, flint, and other minerals were mined, worked, and traded.[16] Early French explorers who encountered the sites made no use of the metals due to the difficulties of transporting them,[16] but the copper was eventually traded throughout the continent along major river routes. In Saskatchewan, Canada, there also are ancient quartz mines near Waddy Lake and surrounding regions.[18]										n
233	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choice	Choice	2015	There are four main types of decisions, although they can be expressed in different ways. Brian Tracy breaks them down into:[2] Command decisions, which can only be made by you, as the "Commander in Chief"; or owner of a company. Delegated decisions, which may be made by anyone, such as the color of the bike shed, and should be delegated, as the decision must be made but the choice is inconsequential. Avoided decisions, where the outcome could be so severe that the choice should not be made, as the consequences can not be recovered from if the wrong choice is made. This will most likely result in negative actions, such as death. "No-brainer" decisions, where the choice is so obvious that only one choice can reasonably be made. A fifth type, however, or fourth if three and four are combined as one type, is the collaborative decision, which should be made in consultation with, and by agreement of others. Collaborative Decision Making revolutionized air-traffic safety by not deferring to the captain when a lesser crew member becomes aware of a problem.[3]										n
237	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choice	Choice	2015	There are many "executive decision maker" products available, such as the decision wheels[6] and the Magic 8-Ball, which randomly produce yes/no or other "decisions" for someone who can not make up their mind or just wants to delegate.										n
268	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage	Sabotage	2015	There are many examples of physical sabotage in wartime. However, one of the most effective uses of sabotage is against organizations. The OSS manual provides numerous techniques under the title "General Interference with Organizations and Production": When possible, refer all matters to committees for "further study and consideration." Attempt to make the committees as large as possible—never fewer than five Bring up irrelevant issues as frequently as possible. Haggle over precise wordings of communications, minutes, resolutions. In making work assignments, always sign out unimportant jobs first, assign important jobs to inefficient workers with poor machines. Insist on perfect work in relatively unimportant products; send back for refinishing those with the least flaw. Approve other defective parts whose flaws are not visible to the naked eye. To lower morale, and with it, production, be pleasant to inefficient workers; give them undeserved promotions. Discriminate against efficient workers; complain unjustly about their work. Hold meetings when there is more critical work to be done. Multiply procedures and clearances involved in issuing instructions, pay checks, and so on. See that multiple people must approve everything where one would do. Spread disturbing rumors that sound like inside information.										n
156	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry	Textile Industry	2015	There are some indications that weaving was already known in the Palaeolithic. An indistinct textile impression has been found at Pavlov, Moravia. Neolithic textiles are well known from finds in pile dwellings in Switzerland. One extant fragment from the Neolithic was found in Fayum at a site which dates to about 5000 BC.										n
584	https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/7300/pg7300.txt	Woman And The Republic	1897	There is a fine bit of unconscious humor in Miss Anthony's remark that"Woman must accept marriage as man proffers it, or not at all." Man is atpresent blinded by the belief that he must proffer marriage as woman willaccept it, or not at all. Society has lodged with her what Mrs. Stantoncalls "only the veto power." Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton apparently wishthe women to do the proffering, the accepting, and the rejecting. With soinsignificant a part assigned him, it would seem a pity that there shouldbe a sort of necessity for man to play in the marriage role at all. WhenSuffrage leaders have so arranged matters that the bride retains hermaiden name, she can spend her summers in Europe and her winters inFlorida, while her husband works all the year round in New York to supporther, without her being subjected to the mortification of seeming to desertthe man whose name she bears.										n
446	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/33944/pg33944.txt	How to Observe Morals and Manners	1838	There is another important condition which can hardly escape his notice:whether the people are homogeneous or composed of various races. Theinhabitants of New England are a remarkable specimen of the first, asthe inhabitants of the middle states of America will be of the last, twoor three generations hence. Almost all the nations of Europe aremongrel; and those which can trace their descent from the greatestvariety of ancestors have, other circumstances remaining the same, thebest chance of progression. Among a homogeneous people, ancestralvirtues flourish; but these carry with them ancestral faults as theirshadow; and there is a liability of a new fault being added,--resistanceto the spirit of improvement. If the chances of severity of ancientvirtue are lessened in the case of a mongrel people, there is acounterbalancing advantage in the greater diversity of interests,enlargement of sympathy, and vigour of enterprise introduced by theclose union of the descendants of different races. The people of NewEngland, almost to a man descended from the pilgrim fathers, have thestrong religious principle and feeling, the uprightness, the domesticattachment, and the principled worldly prudence of their ancestors, withmuch of their asceticism (and necessarily attendant cant) and bigotry.Their neighbours in the middle states are composed of contributions fromall countries of the civilized world, and have, as yet, no distinctivecharacter; but it is probable that a very valuable one will be formed,in course of time, from such elements as the genial gaiety of thecavaliers, the patient industry of the Germans and Dutch, the vivacityof the French, the sobriety of the Scotch, the enterprise of the Irish,and the domestic tastes of the Swiss,--all of which, with theirattendant drawbacks, go to compose the future American character. Thechief pride of the New Englanders is in their unmixed descent;--avirtuous pride, but not the most favourable to a progression which mustantiquate some of the qualities to which they are most attached. TheEuropean components of the other population cherish some of the feudalprejudices and the territorial pride which they imported with them, andthis is their peculiar drawback: but it appears that the enlargedliberality which they enjoy from being intermingled more thancountervails the religious spirit of New England in opening the generalheart and mind to the interests of the race at large. The progression ofthe middle states seems likely to be more rapid than that of NewEngland, though the inhabitants of the northern states have hithertotaken and kept the lead.										n
671	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2162/pg2162.txt	Anarchism and other essays	1910	There is close relation, says Havelock Ellis, between crimes againstthe person and the price of alcohol, between crimes against propertyand the price of wheat. He quotes Quetelet and Lacassagne, theformer looking upon society as the preparer of crime, and thecriminals as instruments that execute them. The latter find that"the social environment is the cultivation medium of criminality;that the criminal is the microbe, an element which only becomesimportant when it finds the medium which causes it to ferment; EVERYSOCIETY HAS THE CRIMINALS IT DESERVES."[4]										n
447	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/33944/pg33944.txt	How to Observe Morals and Manners	1838	There is evidence in the very forms of churches. The early Christianchurches were in the basilica form,--bearing a resemblance to the Romancourts of justice. This is supposed to have arisen from the churchesbeing, in fact, the courts of spiritual justice, where penance wasawarded by the priest to the guilty, and absolution granted to thepenitent. From imitation, the Christian churches of all Europe forcenturies bore this form; and even some built since the Reformationpreserve it. But they have something of their own which serves as arecord of their own times. The history of the Crusades does not presenta more vivid picture of feudal society than shines out from the nooks ofour own cathedrals. The spirit of monachism is as distinguishable as ifthe cowled ghosts of the victims were actually seen flitting along theaisles. What say the chantries ranged along the sides? There perpetualprayers were to be kept up for the prosperity of a wealthy family andits retainers in life, and for their welfare after death. What says thechapter-house? There the powerful members of the church hierarchy werewont to assemble, to use and confirm their rule. What say the cloisters?Under their shelter did the monks go to and fro in life; and in the plotof ground enclosed by these sombre passages were they laid in death.What says the Ladye chapel? What say the niches with their stone basins?They tell of the intercessory character of the sentiment, and of theritual character of the worship of the times when they were set up. Thehandful of worshippers here collected from among the tens of thousandsof a cathedral town also testify to the fact that such establishmentscould not be originated now, and are no longer in harmony with thespirit of the multitude.--The contrast of the most modern sacredbuildings tells as plain a tale:--the red-brick meeting-house of theFriends; the stone chapel of the less rigid dissenters, standing backfrom the noise of the busy street; the aristocratic chapel nestlingamidst the shades of the nobleman's park; and the village church in themeadow, with its neighbouring parsonage. These all tell of a diversityof opinion; but also of something else. The more ancient buildings arescantily attended; the more modern are thronged;--and indeed, if theyhad not been wanted by numbers, they would not have been built. Thisspeaks the decline of a ritual religion, and the preference of one whichis more exclusively spiritual in its action.										n
608	https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/7300/pg7300.txt	Woman And The Republic	1897	There is no need that I should darken my pages with the English lawsconcerning married women. The Suffrage leaders have spread them abroad;Blackstone says they were intended for woman's protection and benefit, andadds the remark, "So great a favorite is the female sex with the laws ofEngland." If I quoted them, I should be constrained to quote barbarouslaws concerning men of the same era, and to note the lack of all lawsconcerning the brute creation; for neither of these matters is touched bySuffrage writers. Dr. Jacobi is willing to say that "in the eye of thelaw, the married white woman in the North was as devoid of personality asthe African slave in the South," and she also says: "By another error ofinterpretation, certain laws which remain on the statute-book, or whichhave been recently added, have been considered so peculiarly favorable towomen, that they are thought to prove a legislative tendency to grantspecial immunities to women so long as they consent to remainunfranchised." Does she mean to say that the lawmakers have asked thewomen if they would consent to remain unfranchised? I thought that leavingthem unfranchised without asking their consent was, in Suffrage eyes, thevery front of the offending. The laws that remain on the statute-book, andthose that have been recently added, go to prove to my mind that the oldlaws were meant to be generous as well as just; second, that the trend oflegislation _is_ peculiarly favorable to woman; and, thirdly, that thoselaws which between man and man might be looked upon as offsets to suffrageequality, between man and woman could not be so considered. They were,therefore, proper immunities for persons whose consent was not askedthrough the vote because, in the nature of the difference between thesexes, a prime requisite for compliance was lacking. Dr. Jacobi goes on tosay: "The fear has been expressed that these 'immunities' and 'privileges'would be forfeited were the franchise conferred. And this fear hasactually been advanced as an argument--as the basis of protest againstequal suffrage." Either the law is tyrannical to women, or it is not. IfSuffrage leaders are actually talking of its privileges and immunities towomen, and trying to explain them away, we may leave the burden of proofto them. But as to the gist of her remark in regard to the connectionbetween legal privileges and equal suffrage: Fear of losing the legalimmunities that are granted to both married and unmarried women on accountof their attitude as wards of the State when they are not able to assumethe first duty implied in giving up the wardship--that of physical defenceto themselves and others--is a most legitimate fear, and is a sound reasonfor protest against equal suffrage. Wrapped up with the legal privilegesof women are those of their children--the rights of minors. For boys,special privileges cease at the age of twenty-one. For girls, they do not.Legal equality would set the boy and the girl on the same level at once.The law of equality could know no such thing as "exemption" for theunmarried woman, or "dower right" or "maintenance" for the married womanthat would not be equally binding on both husband and wife. In Germany,rich American women are maintaining their land-poor husbands under legalstress, "in the style to which they have been accustomed," because the lawof Germany is "equal" in respect to property maintenance of husband andwife. In Ohio, where Suffrage agitation has been persistent, thelegislature in 1894 passed an act "enabling a husband, as well as a wife,to sue and obtain alimony pending divorce proceedings."										n
245	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choice	Choice	2015	There is some evidence that while greater choice has the potential to improve a person's welfare, sometimes there is such a thing as too much choice. For example, in one experiment involving a choice of free soda, individuals explicitly requested to choose from six as opposed to 24 sodas, where the only benefit from the smaller choice set would be to reduce the cognitive burden of the choice.[13] A recent study supports this research, finding that human services workers indicated preferences for scenarios with limited options over extensive-options scenarios. As the number of choices within the extensive-options scenarios increased, the preference for limited options increased as well.[14] Attempts to explain why choice can demotivate someone from a purchase have focuses on two factors. One assumes that perusing a larger number of choices imposes a cognitive burden on the individual.[15] The other assumes that individuals can experience regret if they make a suboptimal choice, and sometimes avoid making a choice to avoid experiencing regret.[16]										n
595	https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/7300/pg7300.txt	Woman And The Republic	1897	There is, among others, this fundamental difference between the businesslife of men and women. For men who pursue occupations outside the home,there are women to manage that home. For women who pursue occupationsoutside the home, there are, not men, but other women, to manage the home.The final domestic care of the world must come upon women. The finalattention to social life must come upon women. In behalf of the women whoare constrained, or who choose, to sacrifice their share in this part ofthe world's necessary work, some other women must do double duty. Thatthis rule has seeming exceptions does not make it less the universal rule.										n
715	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/13176/pg13176.txt	The Abolitionists (Together With Personal Memories Of The Struggle For Human Rights)	1830-1864	There was another inducement the Abolitionists had to offer. They hadan organization that was perfect in its way. It was weak but active.It had made its way into Congress where it had such representatives asJohn P. Hale and Salmon P. Chase in the Senate, and several brilliantmen in the Lower House. It had a complete outfit of party machinery.It had an efficient force of men and women engaged in canvassing aslecturers and stump orators. It had well managed newspapers, and theablest pens in the country--not excepting Harriet BeecherStowe's--were in its service. All this, it is hardly necessary to say,was attractive to people without political homes. The Abolitionistsoffered them not only shelter but the prospect of meat and drink inthe future. In that way their organization became the nucleus of theRepublican party, which was in no sense a new organization, but areorganization of an old force with new material added.										n
721	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/13176/pg13176.txt	The Abolitionists (Together With Personal Memories Of The Struggle For Human Rights)	1830-1864	There was another inducement the Abolitionists had to offer. They hadan organization that was perfect in its way. It was weak but active.It had made its way into Congress where it had such representatives asJohn P. Hale and Salmon P. Chase in the Senate, and several brilliantmen in the Lower House. It had a complete outfit of party machinery.It had an efficient force of men and women engaged in canvassing aslecturers and stump orators. It had well managed newspapers, and theablest pens in the country--not excepting Harriet BeecherStowe's--were in its service. All this, it is hardly necessary to say,was attractive to people without political homes. The Abolitionistsoffered them not only shelter but the prospect of meat and drink inthe future. In that way their organization became the nucleus of theRepublican party, which was in no sense a new organization, but areorganization of an old force with new material added.										n
22	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	There was to be a store, or memory, capable of holding 1,000 numbers of 40 decimal digits each (ca. 16.7 kB). An arithmetical unit, called the "mill", would be able to perform all four arithmetic operations, plus comparisons and optionally square roots. Initially it was conceived as a difference engine curved back upon itself, in a generally circular layout,[33] with the long store exiting off to one side. (Later drawings depict a regularized grid layout.)[34] Like the central processing unit (CPU) in a modern computer, the mill would rely upon its own internal procedures, roughly equivalent to microcode in modern CPUs, to be stored in the form of pegs inserted into rotating drums called "barrels", to carry out some of the more complex instructions the user's program might specify.[35]										n
632	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1228/pg1228.txt	On the Origin of species	1859	These alone are the unimportant differences, which Gartner is able topoint out, between hybrid and mongrel plants. On the other hand, theresemblance in mongrels and in hybrids to their respective parents,more especially in hybrids produced from nearly related species, followsaccording to Gartner the same laws. When two species are crossed,one has sometimes a prepotent power of impressing its likeness on thehybrid; and so I believe it to be with varieties of plants. With animalsone variety certainly often has this prepotent power over anothervariety. Hybrid plants produced from a reciprocal cross, generallyresemble each other closely; and so it is with mongrels from areciprocal cross. Both hybrids and mongrels can be reduced to eitherpure parent-form, by repeated crosses in successive generations witheither parent.										n
170	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry	Textile Industry	2015	Thirdly, also in 1830, Richard Roberts patented the first self-acting mule. Stalybridge mule spinners strike was in 1824,this stimulated research into the problem of applying power to the winding stroke of the mule.[11] The draw while spinning had been assisted by power, but the push of the wind had been done manually by the spinner, the mule could be operated by semiskilled labor. Before 1830, the spinner would operate a partially powered mule with a maximum of 400 spindles after, self-acting mules with up to 1300 spindles could be built.[12]										n
215	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty	Liberty	2015	This applied only to free men. In Athens, for instance, women could not vote or hold office and were legally and socially dependent on a male relative.[11]										n
413	https://www.gutenberg.org/files/31529/31529-0.txt	Modern Marriage and How To Bear It	1908	This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and withalmost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away orre-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License includedwith this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net										n
401	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4557/pg4557.txt	The Idea Of Progress	1920	This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and withalmost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away orre-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License includedwith this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org										n
523	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/29508/pg29508.txt	The Ethics of Cooperation	1918	This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and withalmost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away orre-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License includedwith this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org										n
529	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/29508/pg29508.txt	The Ethics of Cooperation	1918	This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and withalmost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away orre-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License includedwith this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org										n
123	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining	Mining	2015	This estimation is used to conduct a pre-feasibility study to determine the theoretical economics of the ore deposit. This identifies, early on, whether further investment in estimation and engineering studies is warranted and identifies key risks and areas for further work. The next step is to conduct a feasibility study to evaluate the financial viability, the technical and financial risks, and the robustness of the project.										n
387	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4557/pg4557.txt	The Idea Of Progress	1920	This idea means that civilisation has moved, is moving, and will movein a desirable direction. But in order to judge that we are moving ina desirable direction we should have to know precisely what thedestination is. To the minds of most people the desirable outcome ofhuman development would be a condition of society in which all theinhabitants of the planet would enjoy a perfectly happy existence. Butit is impossible to be sure that civilisation is moving in the rightdirection to realise this aim. Certain features of our "progress" may beurged as presumptions in its favour, but there are always offsets, andit has always been easy to make out a case that, from the point of viewof increasing happiness, the tendencies of our progressive civilisationare far from desirable. In short, it cannot be proved that the unknowndestination towards which man is advancing is desirable. The movementmay be Progress, or it may be in an undesirable direction and thereforenot Progress. This is a question of fact, and one which is at present asinsoluble as the question of personal immortality. It is a problem whichbears on the mystery of life.										n
124	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining	Mining	2015	This is when the mining company makes the decision whether to develop the mine or to walk away from the project. This includes mine planning to evaluate the economically recoverable portion of the deposit, the metallurgy and ore recoverability, marketability and payability of the ore concentrates, engineering concerns, milling and infrastructure costs, finance and equity requirements, and an analysis of the proposed mine from the initial excavation all the way through to reclamation. The proportion of a deposit that is economically recoverable is dependent on the enrichment factor of the ore in the area.										n
454	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/33944/pg33944.txt	How to Observe Morals and Manners	1838	This kind of society is composed of two classes only; those who havesomething, and those who have nothing. The chief has property, someknowledge, and great power. With individual differences, the chiefs maybe expected to be imperious, from their liberty and indulgence of will;brave, from their exposure to toil and danger; contemptuous of men, fromtheir own supremacy; superstitious, from the influence of the priest inthe household; lavish, from the permanency of their property; vain ofrank and personal distinction, from the absence of pursuits unconnectedwith self; and hospitable, partly from the same cause, and partly fromtheir own hospitality being the only means of gratifying their socialdispositions.										n
560	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8077/pg8077.txt	The Mind in the Making: The Relation of Intelligence to Social Reform	1921	This new view was inevitably fiercely attacked by the mysticallydisposed. They misunderstood it and berated its adherents and accusedthem of robbing man of all that was most precious in life. These, inturn, were goaded into bitterness and denounced their opponents aspig-headed obscurantists.										n
612	https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/7300/pg7300.txt	Woman And The Republic	1897	This question of military service is not a question of equivalent at all--sentimental or otherwise; it is a question of the actual service, and asto the service to the state given by women in bearing sons, the men worknot only to support those sons but to support also their mothers andsisters, and that far beyond the child-bearing age of the mother.										n
615	https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/7300/pg7300.txt	Woman And The Republic	1897	This was typical action. Thus it was in Anti-slavery, thus in Temperance,thus in the Civil War, and thus it has been with general reforms. WhatSuffragists have deemed to be an abstract "right" has prevented them fromtaking active part in any efforts put forth to end a concrete wrong. Astime goes on, this spirit becomes more injurious, because progress iscarrying philanthropy into higher fields of moral action, and in so doingis carrying it away from and above the plane where rests the ballot-box.While Suffrage effort is directed toward keeping all issues in thepolitical arena, the trend of legislation is to take them out of politics.By the public votes of men and the private votes and public appeals ofwomen, philanthropic and educational matters are being removed from theuncertainties and fluctuations of party action. As they are thus broughtout of the sphere where woman is powerless and into that in which it isnatural for her to act, the whole force of sympathy, and her ability topicture and to pursue an ideal, are finding exercise and are hastening theday when there will be no slavery, no drunkenness, no war, and noviolation of woman's chastity. Dr. Jacobi, in her volume, says: "Whyshould we wonder at the low tone which habitually prevails in relation topublic affairs, when the women who stand as guardians at the fountainsources and household shrines of thought are trained to believe that thereare no Rights, but only Privileges, Expediencies, Immunities? Can thosewho cower before the public ridicule which greets the enunciation of theRights of Women; who are habituated to stifle generous impulses for theirown larger freedom at the authoritative dictation of the men they see inpower,--can such women be relied upon to nerve the Nation's heart forgenerous deeds?" Who were trained by women at the fountain sources andhousehold shrines? The very men whom they now see in "authoritativedictation." And so well did they train them that when both are called uponto nerve the nation's heart for generous deeds, they act together--thetrainer and the trained--moved by the same magnetic impulse of a nobledevotion. It is purely gratuitous to assume, because women generally havediscredited the dogma of Woman Suffrage, that they have therefore no justconception of rights. Women are as ambitious, as self-assertive, as aremen. They deal more naturally with abstractions, and are more tenacious ofpurpose. They are impatient of hindrance, and it is inconsistent withfacts to infer that they have been "stifling generous impulses for theirown larger freedom," at the dictation of their own sons. The executivepower and wisdom of these sons they feel to be the very thing they mostdesire for them, a reward for their own abounding faith and love.Privileges, Expediencies, and Immunities are their Rights. How well fittedsuch rights are to enable them to nerve the Nation's heart was seen in thegreat crisis we have been considering, when the ignoble dogma of Suffragecaused its believers to fail in generous impulse and to stand aloof in thetime of a supreme need.										n
346	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism	Social Darwinism	2015	Thus the weak members of civilized societies propagate their kind. No one who has attended to the breeding of domestic animals will doubt that this must be highly injurious to the race of man. It is surprising how soon a want of care, or care wrongly directed, leads to the degeneration of a domestic race; but excepting in the case of man himself, hardly any one is so ignorant as to allow his worst animals to breed. The aid which we feel impelled to give to the helpless is mainly an incidental result of the instinct of sympathy, which was originally acquired as part of the social instincts, but subsequently rendered, in the manner previously indicated, more tender and more widely diffused. Nor could we check our sympathy, even at the urging of hard reason, without deterioration in the noblest part of our nature. The surgeon may harden himself whilst performing an operation, for he knows that he is acting for the good of his patient; but if we were intentionally to neglect the weak and helpless, it could only be for a contingent benefit, with an overwhelming present evil. ... We must therefore bear the undoubtedly bad effects of the weak surviving and propagating their kind; but there appears to be at least one check in steady action, namely that the weaker and inferior members of society do not marry so freely as the sound; and this check might be indefinitely increased by the weak in body or mind refraining from marriage, though this is more to be hoped for than expected.										n
356	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism	Social Darwinism	2015	Thus, he wrote: “Wherever progress is to ensue, deviating natures are of greatest importance. Every progress of the whole must be preceded by a partial weakening. The strongest natures retain the type, the weaker ones help to advance it. Something similar also happens in the individual. There is rarely a degeneration, a truncation, or even a vice or any physical or moral loss without an advantage somewhere else. In a warlike and restless clan, for example, the sicklier man may have occasion to be alone, and may therefore become quieter and wiser; the one-eyed man will have one eye the stronger; the blind man will see deeper inwardly, and certainly hear better. To this extent, the famous theory of the survival of the fittest does not seem to me to be the only viewpoint from which to explain the progress of strengthening of a man or of a race.”										n
445	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/33944/pg33944.txt	How to Observe Morals and Manners	1838	To any one who has at all considered at home the bearings of a socialsystem which is grounded upon physical force, or those of the oppositearrangements which rely upon moral power, it can be no mystery abroadthat there should be prevalent moral characteristics among the subjectsof such systems; and the vices which exist under them will be, howevermourned, leniently judged. Take the Feudal System as an instance, first,and then its opposite. A little thought makes it clear what virtues andvices will be almost certain to subsist under the influences of each.										n
480	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22306/pg22306.txt	Human Traits and their Social Significance	1920	To Aristotle tragedy seemed to afford a cleansing or"katharsis of the soul" through the sympathetic experienceof pity or fear. To Schopenhauer music was the greatest ofthe arts because it made us at one with the sorrows and thestrivings of the world. All the representative arts are vividways of making us feel with the passions or emotions thatstir mankind. And those men are poets, painters, or musicianswho, besides having a unique gift of expression, whetherin word, tone, or color, have themselves an unusually highsensitivity to the moods of other men and to the imaginedmoods of the natural scenes among which they move.[1]										n
682	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2162/pg2162.txt	Anarchism and other essays	1910	To avoid indefinite camping in the parks Emma Goldman finally wasforced to move into a house on Third Street, occupied exclusively byprostitutes. There, among the outcasts of our good Christiansociety, she could at least rent a bit of a room, and find rest andwork at her sewing machine. The women of the street showed morerefinement of feeling and sincere sympathy than the priests of theChurch. But human endurance had been exhausted by overmuch sufferingand privation. There was a complete physical breakdown, and therenowned agitator was removed to the "Bohemian Republic"--a largetenement house which derived its euphonious appellation from the factthat its occupants were mostly Bohemian Anarchists. Here EmmaGoldman found friends ready to aid her. Justus Schwab, one of thefinest representatives of the German revolutionary period of thattime, and Dr. Solotaroff were indefatigable in the care of thepatient. Here, too, she met Edward Brady, the new friendshipsubsequently ripening into close intimacy. Brady had been an activeparticipant in the revolutionary movement of Austria and had, at thetime of his acquaintance with Emma Goldman, lately been released froman Austrian prison after an incarceration of ten years.										n
194	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page	Larry Page	2015	To convert the backlink data gathered by BackRub's web crawler into a measure of importance for a given web page, Brin and Page developed the PageRank algorithm, and realized that it could be used to build a search engine far superior to existing ones.[17] It relied on a new kind of technology that analyzed the relevance of the back links that connected one Web page to another.[23] In August 1996, the initial version of Google was made available, still on the Stanford University Web site.[17]										n
609	https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/7300/pg7300.txt	Woman And The Republic	1897	To create these eBooks, the Project expends considerableefforts to identify, transcribe and proofread public domainworks. Despite these efforts, the Project's eBooks and anymedium they may be on may contain "Defects". Among otherthings, Defects may take the form of incomplete, inaccurate orcorrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or otherintellectual property infringement, a defective or damageddisk or other eBook medium, a computer virus, or computercodes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.										n
125	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining	Mining	2015	To gain access to the mineral deposit within an area it is often necessary to mine through or remove waste material which is not of immediate interest to the miner. The total movement of ore and waste constitutes the mining process. Often more waste than ore is mined during the life of a mine, depending on the nature and location of the ore body. Waste removal and placement is a major cost to the mining operator, so a detailed characterization of the waste material forms an essential part of the geological exploration program for a mining operation.										n
516	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/29508/pg29508.txt	The Ethics of Cooperation	1918	To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the freedistribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "ProjectGutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full ProjectGutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online athttp://www.gutenberg.org/license).										n
679	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2162/pg2162.txt	Anarchism and other essays	1910	Today, even, nine years after the tragedy, after it was proven ahundred times that Emma Goldman had nothing to do with the event,that no evidence whatsoever exists to indicate that Czolgosz evercalled himself an Anarchist, we are confronted with the same lie,fabricated by the police and perpetuated by the press. No livingsoul ever heard Czolgosz make that statement, nor is there a singlewritten word to prove that the boy ever breathed the accusation.Nothing but ignorance and insane hysteria, which have never yet beenable to solve the simplest problem of cause and effect.										n
48	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	Tommy Flowers, still a senior engineer at the Post Office Research Station[62] was recommended to Max Newman by Alan Turing[63] and spent eleven months from early February 1943 designing and building the first Colossus.[64][65] After a functional test in December 1943, Colossus was shipped to Bletchley Park, where it was delivered on 18 January 1944[66] and attacked its first message on 5 February.[59]										n
86	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	Transistorized electronics improved not only the CPU (Central Processing Unit), but also the peripheral devices. The second generation disk data storage units were able to store tens of millions of letters and digits. Next to the fixed disk storage units, connected to the CPU via high-speed data transmission, were removable disk data storage units. A removable disk pack can be easily exchanged with another pack in a few seconds. Even if the removable disks' capacity is smaller than fixed disks, their interchangeability guarantees a nearly unlimited quantity of data close at hand. Magnetic tape provided archival capability for this data, at a lower cost than disk.										n
59	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	Turing felt that speed and size of memory were crucial and he proposed a high-speed memory of what would today be called 25 KB, accessed at a speed of 1 MHz. The ACE implemented subroutine calls, whereas the EDVAC did not, and the ACE also used Abbreviated Computer Instructions, an early form of programming language.										n
495	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22306/pg22306.txt	Human Traits and their Social Significance	1920	UNIFORMITIES IN LANGUAGE. Thus far we have discussedchanges in language from the psychological viewpoint, that is,we have considered the human tendencies and habits whichbring about changes in the articulation and meaning, in thesound and the sense, of words. It is evident from theseconsiderations that there can be no absolute uniformity inspoken languages, not even in the languages of two personsthrown much together. Within a country where the samelanguage is ostensibly spoken, there are neverthelessdifferences in the language as spoken by different social strata, bydifferent localities. There are infinite subtle variationsbetween the articulation and the word uses of differentindividuals. There are languages within languages, the dialects oflocalities, the jargon of professional and trade groups, thespecial pronunciations and special and overlapping vocabulariesof different social classes.										n
678	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2162/pg2162.txt	Anarchism and other essays	1910	Universal suffrage itself owes its existence to direct action. Ifnot for the spirit of rebellion, of the defiance on the part of theAmerican revolutionary fathers, their posterity would still wear theKing's coat. If not for the direct action of a John Brown and hiscomrades, America would still trade in the flesh of the black man.True, the trade in white flesh is still going on; but that, too, willhave to be abolished by direct action. Trade-unionism, the economicarena of the modern gladiator, owes its existence to direct action.It is but recently that law and government have attempted to crushthe trade-union movement, and condemned the exponents of man's rightto organize to prison as conspirators. Had they sought to asserttheir cause through begging, pleading, and compromise, trade-unionismwould today be a negligible quantity. In France, in Spain, in Italy,in Russia, nay even in England (witness the growing rebellion ofEnglish labor unions) direct, revolutionary, economic action hasbecome so strong a force in the battle for industrial liberty as tomake the world realize the tremendous importance of labor's power.The General Strike, the supreme expression of the economicconsciousness of the workers, was ridiculed in America but a shorttime ago. Today every great strike, in order to win, must realizethe importance of the solidaric general protest.										n
518	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/29508/pg29508.txt	The Ethics of Cooperation	1918	Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editionswill be renamed.										n
111	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining	Mining	2015	Use of water power in the form of water mills was extensive. The water mills were employed in crushing ore, raising ore from shafts, and ventilating galleries by powering giant bellows. Black powder was first used in mining in Selmecbánya, Kingdom of Hungary in 1627.[11] Black powder allowed blasting of rock and earth to loosen and reveal ore veins. Blasting was much faster than fire-setting and allowed the mining of previously impenetrable metals and ores.[12] In 1762, the world's first mining academy was established in the same town.										n
410	https://www.gutenberg.org/files/31529/31529-0.txt	Modern Marriage and How To Bear It	1908	Volumes could be written on how to be happy though married, but my lastpage is at hand. To sum up therefore. Wives: if you would be happy,remember, make much of your husband, flatter him discreetly, laugh athis jokes, don’t attempt to put down his club, never tell him hometruths, and _never_ cry.										n
639	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1228/pg1228.txt	On the Origin of species	1859	W. Whewell: Bridgewater Treatise.										n
485	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22306/pg22306.txt	Human Traits and their Social Significance	1920	We cannot consider here all the details of statistical methods,but attention may be called to a few of the more significantfeatures of the process. Statistics is a science, and consistsin much more than the mere counting of cases.										n
576	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8077/pg8077.txt	The Mind in the Making: The Relation of Intelligence to Social Reform	1921	We do not think enough about thinking, and much of our confusion isthe result of current illusions in regard to it. Let us forget for themoment any impressions we may have derived from the philosophers, andsee what seems to happen in ourselves. The first thing that we noticeis that our thought moves with such incredible rapidity that it isalmost impossible to arrest any specimen of it long enough to have alook at it. When we are offered a penny for our thoughts we alwaysfind that we have recently had so many things in mind that we caneasily make a selection which will not compromise us too nakedly. Oninspection we shall find that even if we are not downright ashamed ofa great part of our spontaneous thinking it is far too intimate,personal, ignoble or trivial to permit us to reveal more than a smallpart of it. I believe this must be true of everyone. We do not, ofcourse, know what goes on in other people's heads. They tell us verylittle and we tell them very little. The spigot of speech, rarelyfully opened, could never emit more than driblets of the ever renewedhogshead of thought--_noch grösser wie's Heidelberger Fass_. Wefind it hard to believe that other people's thoughts are as silly asour own, but they probably are.										n
569	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8077/pg8077.txt	The Mind in the Making: The Relation of Intelligence to Social Reform	1921	We have no means of knowing when or where the first contribution tocivilization was made, and with it a start on the arduous building ofthe mind. There is some reason to think that the men who firsttranscended the animal mind were of inferior mental capacity to ourown, but even if man, emerging from his animal estate, had had on theaverage quite as good a brain as those with which we are now familiar,I suspect that the extraordinarily slow and hazardous process ofaccumulating modern civilization would not have been greatlyshortened. Mankind is lethargic, easily pledged to routine, timid,suspicious of innovation. That is his nature. He is only artificially,partially, and very recently "progressive". He has spent almost hiswhole existence as a savage hunter, and in that state of ignorance heillustrated on a magnificent scale all the inherent weaknesses of thehuman mind.										n
509	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22306/pg22306.txt	Human Traits and their Social Significance	1920	We have noted how sanctions and prohibitions are madepublic and effective among the members of a group. Butit is further regarded as important by the group that thesecustoms, positive and negative, should be handed down fromthe current to succeeding generations. In primitive lifetransmission of the traditional practices is made a very specialoccasion in the form of initiation ceremonies.										n
373	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4557/pg4557.txt	The Idea Of Progress	1920	What Fichte means by freedom may be best explained by its opposition toinstinct. A man acting instinctively may be acting quite reasonably,in a way which any one fully conscious of all the implications andconsequences of the action would judge to be reasonable. But in orderthat his actions should be free he must himself be fully conscious ofall those implications and consequences.										n
240	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choice	Choice	2015	When choosing between options one must make judgments about the quality of each option's attributes. For example, if one is choosing between candidates for a job, the quality of relevant attributes such as previous work experience, college or high school GPA, and letters of recommendation will be judged for each option and the decision will likely be based on these attribute judgments. However, each attribute has a different level of evaluability, that is, the extent to which one can use information from that attribute to make a judgment.										n
138	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marissa_Mayer&printable=yes	Marissa Mayer	2015	When she was attending Wausau West High School, Mayer was on the curling team and the precision dance team.[22] She excelled in chemistry, calculus, biology, and physics.[23] She took part in extracurricular activities, becoming president of her high school's Spanish club, treasurer of Key Club, captain of the debate team, and captain of the pom-pom squad.[22] Her high school debate team won the Wisconsin state championship and the pom-pom squad was the state runner-up.[19] During high school, she worked as a grocery clerk.[24] After graduating from high school in 1993,[25] Mayer was selected by Tommy Thompson, then the Governor of Wisconsin, as one of the state's two delegates to attend the National Youth Science Camp in West Virginia.[26]										n
649	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1228/pg1228.txt	On the Origin of species	1859	Whether natural selection has really thus acted in nature, in modifyingand adapting the various forms of life to their several conditionsand stations, must be judged of by the general tenour and balance ofevidence given in the following chapters. But we already see how itentails extinction; and how largely extinction has acted in the world'shistory, geology plainly declares. Natural selection, also, leads todivergence of character; for more living beings can be supported on thesame area the more they diverge in structure, habits, and constitution,of which we see proof by looking at the inhabitants of any small spotor at naturalised productions. Therefore during the modification of thedescendants of any one species, and during the incessant struggle of allspecies to increase in numbers, the more diversified these descendantsbecome, the better will be their chance of succeeding in the battle oflife. Thus the small differences distinguishing varieties of the samespecies, will steadily tend to increase till they come to equal thegreater differences between species of the same genus, or even ofdistinct genera.										n
469	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/33944/pg33944.txt	How to Observe Morals and Manners	1838	Whether the society is divided into Two Classes, or whether there is aGradation, is another important consideration. Where there are only two,proprietors and labourers, the Idea of Liberty is deficient or absent.The proprietory class can have no other desires on the subject than torepress the encroachments of the sovereign above them, or of the servileclass below them: and in the servile class the conception of liberty isyet unformed. Only in barbarous countries, in countries where slaverysubsists, and in some few strongholds of feudalism, is this decideddivision of society into two classes now to be found. Everywhere elsethere is more or less gradation; and in the most advanced countries theclasses are least distinguishable. Below those members who, in Europeansocieties, are distinguished by birth, there is class beneath class ofcapitalists, though it is usual to comprehend them all, for convenienceof speech, under the name of the middle class. Thus society in GreatBritain, France, and Germany is commonly spoken of as consisting ofthree classes; while the divisions of the middle class are, in fact,very numerous. The small shopkeeper is not of the same class with thelandowner, or wealthy banker, or professional man; while their views oflife, their political principles, and their social aspirations, are asdifferent as those of the peer and the mechanic.										n
407	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4557/pg4557.txt	The Idea Of Progress	1920	which had ruled so long lost their power, and men's earthly home againinsinuated itself into their affections, but with the new hope of itsbecoming a place fit for reasonable beings to live in. We have seen howthe belief that our race is travelling towards earthly happiness waspropagated by some eminent thinkers, as well as by some "not veryfortunate persons who had a good deal of time on their hands." Andall these high-priests and incense-bearers to whom the creed owes itssuccess were rationalists, from the author of the Histoire des oraclesto the philosopher of the Unknowable.										n
508	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22306/pg22306.txt	Human Traits and their Social Significance	1920	While high æsthetic capacity may be lacking in most people,æsthetic appreciation is widely diffused, and the education oftaste and the growth in appreciation of the arts have beenmarked. The museums of art in our large cities report aconstantly increasing attendance, both of visitors to thegalleries and attendants at lectures. And the crowds whichregularly attend musical programs of a sustainedly highcharacter in many cities, winter and summer, are evidence of howwidespread and eager is appreciation of the fine arts. Inthe Scandinavian countries and in Germany one of the mostremarkable social phenomena has been the growth of awidely supported people's theater movement, in which therehas been consistent support of the highest type of operas andplays.										n
248	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choice	Choice	2015	While it might be expected that it is preferable to keep one’s options open, research has shown that having the opportunity to revise one’s decisions leaves people less satisfied with the decision outcome.[18] A recent study found that participants experienced higher regret after having made a reversible decision. The results suggest that reversible decisions cause people to continue to think about the still relevant choice options, which might increase dissatisfaction with the decision and regret.[19]										n
339	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism	Social Darwinism	2015	While the term has been applied to the claim that Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection can be used to understand the social endurance of a nation or country, social Darwinism commonly refers to ideas that predate Darwin's publication of On the Origin of Species. Others whose ideas are given the label include the 18th century clergyman Thomas Malthus, and Darwin's cousin Francis Galton who founded eugenics towards the end of the 19th century.										n
9	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	Wilhelm Schickard, a German polymath, designed a calculating machine in 1623 which combined a mechanised form of Napier's rods with the world's first mechanical adding machine built into the base. Because it made use of a single-tooth gear there were circumstances in which its carry mechanism would jam.[8] A fire destroyed at least one of the machines in 1624 and it is believed Schickard was too disheartened to build another.										n
92	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	With the advent of the transistor and the work on semi-conductors generally, it now seems possible to envisage electronic equipment in a solid block with no connecting wires.[122] The block may consist of layers of insulating, conducting, rectifying and amplifying materials, the electronic functions being connected directly by cutting out areas of the various layers”.										n
167	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry	Textile Industry	2015	With the Cartwright Loom, the Spinning Mule and the Boulton & Watt steam engine, the pieces were in place to build a mechanised textile industry. From this point there were no new inventions, but a continuous improvement in technology as the mill-owner strove to reduce cost and improve quality. Developments in the transport infrastructure; that is the canals and after 1831 the railways facilitated the import of raw materials and export of finished cloth.										n
56	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	With the proposal of the stored-program computer this changed. A stored-program computer includes by design an instruction set and can store in memory a set of instructions (a program) that details the computation.										n
52	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	Without the use of these machines, the Allies would have been deprived of the very valuable intelligence that was obtained from reading the vast quantity of encrypted high-level telegraphic messages between the German High Command (OKW) and their army commands throughout occupied Europe. Details of their existence, design, and use were kept secret well into the 1970s. Winston Churchill personally issued an order for their destruction into pieces no larger than a man's hand, to keep secret that the British were capable of cracking Lorenz SZ cyphers (from German rotor stream cipher machines) during the oncoming cold war. Two of the machines were transferred to the newly formed GCHQ and the others were destroyed. As a result the machines were not included in many histories of computing.[69] A reconstructed working copy of one of the Colossus machines is now on display at Bletchley Park.										n
591	https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/7300/pg7300.txt	Woman And The Republic	1897	WOMAN AND THE REPUBLIC										n
614	https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/7300/pg7300.txt	Woman And The Republic	1897	WOMAN SUFFRAGE AND THE HOME.										n
444	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/33944/pg33944.txt	How to Observe Morals and Manners	1838	WORKING MAN'S COMPANION, FOR 1835, 6, 7, and 8, 9_d._ each.										n
393	http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4557/pg4557.txt	The Idea Of Progress	1920	You may establish social equality by means of laws and institutions,yet the equality actually enjoyed may be very incomplete. Condorcetrecognises this and attributes it to three principal causes: inequalityin wealth; inequality in position between the man whose means ofsubsistence are assured and can be transmitted to his family and the manwhose means depend on his work and are limited by the term of his ownlife [Footnote: He looked forward to the mitigation of this inequalityby the development of life insurance which was then coming to thefront.]; and inequality in education. He did not propose any radicalmethods for dealing with these difficulties, which he thought woulddiminish in time, without, however, entirely disappearing. He was toodeeply imbued with the views of the Economists to be seduced by thetheories of Rousseau, Mably, Babeuf, and others, into advocatingcommunism or the abolition of private property.										n
39	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware	history of computing hardware	2015	Zuse suffered setbacks during World War II when some of his machines were destroyed in the course of Allied bombing campaigns. Apparently his work remained largely unknown to engineers in the UK and US until much later, although at least IBM was aware of it as it financed his post-war startup company in 1946 in return for an option on Zuse's patents.										n